{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T14:44:57Z","timestamp":1775486697357,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003549","name":"Hungarian Scientific Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OTKA 132833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OTKA 132833"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003549","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003549","name":"Hungarian Scientific Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SA-27\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SA-27\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003549","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network","award":["OTKA 132833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OTKA 132833"]}]},{"name":"E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network","award":["SA-27\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SA-27\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A total of 114 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from porcine hemorrhagic necrotic pleuropneumonia were characterized by the examination of biotype, serovar, antibiotic resistance genes, and genes of toxin production. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to analyze their genetic relationship, which identified 16 clusters. Serovar 2 (50 isolates), serovar 13 (25 isolates), serovar 9 (11 isolates), and serovar 16 (7 isolates) were the most frequent serovars. Serovar 2 formed nine distinguishable clusters; serovar 13 and serovar 16 were less diverse, exhibiting two potentially related subclusters; serovar 9 was represented by a single cluster. Remarkably small differences were seen in the core genome when nine representative isolates of serovar 13 were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Tetracycline resistance was relatively frequent in the two clusters of serovar 13; one of them was also frequently resistant against beta-lactams. Resistance in other serovars was sporadic. All isolates carried the apxIV gene. The toxin profiles of serovar 2 were characterized by the production of ApxII and ApxIII toxins, except for a small cluster of three isolates: serovar 9 and serovar 16 isolates produced ApxI and ApxII toxins. Serovar 13 carried apxII and apxIBD genes, indicating the production of the ApxII toxin, but not of ApxI or ApxIII. The unusually high frequency and low diversity of serovar 13 are not explained by its virulence properties, but the high frequency of resistance to beta-lactams and tetracyclines may have played a role in its spread. The emergence of serovar 16 may be facilitated by its high virulence, also explaining its high clonality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9100511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:08:09Z","timestamp":1663718889000},"page":"511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serovars in Hungary"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Kardos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 94, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"S\u00e1rk\u00f6zi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 23\u201325, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Levente","family":"Laczk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 94, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szilvia","family":"Marton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Makrai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 23\u201325, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kriszti\u00e1n","family":"B\u00e1nyai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2711-0229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Fodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 23\u201325, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12739","article-title":"Update on Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae\u2014Knowledge, gaps and challenges","volume":"65","author":"Sassu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. 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