{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:49:21Z","timestamp":1778946561647,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"special research funds of the University of Liege"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To improve the efficacy of preoperative antibiotics used in elective caesarean section (CS), we aimed to identify the bacteria contaminating the surgical site during this surgery. A study was conducted on 76 Belgian Blue cows. Bacteriology was performed on cotton swab sampled from the visceral and parietal peritoneum of each cow during the CS. Most of samples showed a negative culture (55\/76; 72.37%), 19\/76 (25%) were positive (p &lt; 0.0001) and two samples were contaminated. In total, 32 isolates belonging to 18 species were identified. Most of them are aerobic (17\/18; 94.44%) and half of them were gram-negative (G-). The most encountered bacteria were Acinetobacter sp. (6\/32; 18.75%), Pseudomonas sp. (4\/32; 12.5%), Aerococcus viridans (4\/32; 12.5%), Psychrobacter sp. (3\/32; 9.37%), and Escherichia coli (2\/32; 6.25%). Among the identified isolates, 31\/32 (96.87%) were aerobic and 1\/32 (3.12%) was anaerobic (p = 0.0001). Furthermore, 20\/32 (62.50%) strains were G\u2212 while 12\/32 (37.5%) were gram-positive (G+) (p = 0.012). In fact, most of cultured strains were aerobic G\u2212 (20\/32), 11\/32 were aerobic G+ and 1\/32 is anaerobic G+ (p &lt; 0.0001). In conclusion, most of samples showed a negative bacteriology; however, aerobic G\u2212 strains were the most identified in positive swabs. Therefore, preoperative antibiotics should be aimed against these bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9120687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T03:59:46Z","timestamp":1670558386000},"page":"687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bacterial Contamination of the Surgical Site at the Time of Elective Caesarean Section in Belgian Blue Cows\u2014Part 1: Identified by Bacterial Culture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3311-8219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salem","family":"Djebala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ruminants, University of Li\u00e8ge, Quartier Vall\u00e9e 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"Murphy and Leslie Veterinary Centre (Private Practice), Muckerstaff Granard, N39AN52 Co Longford, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Coria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ruminants, University of Li\u00e8ge, Quartier Vall\u00e9e 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Munaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ruminants, University of Li\u00e8ge, Quartier Vall\u00e9e 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3720-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linde","family":"Gille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ruminants, University of Li\u00e8ge, Quartier Vall\u00e9e 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1011-6894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine","family":"Eppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ruminants, University of Li\u00e8ge, Quartier Vall\u00e9e 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4438-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nassim","family":"Moula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of animal production, University of Liege, Quartier Vall\u00e9e 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"GIGA, Animal Facilities, ULi\u00e8ge, B 34, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Taminiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"},{"name":"Food Microbiology, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9282-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georges","family":"Daube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"},{"name":"Food Microbiology, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Bossaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Herd Book Blanc Bleu Belge (HBBB) (2022, April 15). 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