{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:54:38Z","timestamp":1787849678288,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Childhood myopia progression remains a major global public health concern, and spectacle lenses designed to induce peripheral myopic defocus have emerged as a non-pharmacological strategy for myopia control; however, real-world evidence from European populations remains limited. This retrospective observational study evaluated the 12-month real-world effectiveness of cylindrical annular refractive element spectacle lenses in a Turkish pediatric cohort. Children aged 5\u201315 years who wore myopia-control spectacle lenses from the CARE platform or single-vision lenses were included. Cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) were measured at baseline and at 12 months. The primary outcomes were 12-month changes in SER and AL. Multivariable generalized estimation equations were applied to account for inter-eye correlation and to adjust for age and gender. A total of 168 eyes were analyzed (85 with single-vision lenses; 83 with myopia-control lenses). After 12 months, the myopia-control group demonstrated significantly slower progression than the single-vision group, with mean SER changes of \u22120.40 \u00b1 0.92 D versus \u22120.77 \u00b1 0.74 D and axial elongation of 0.17 \u00b1 0.25 mm versus 0.31 \u00b1 0.30 mm, respectively. Treatment group remained a significant predictor of both refractive progression (p = 0.008) and axial elongation (p = 0.003). Age was independently associated with axial length change (p &lt; 0.001), whereas gender was not. These findings provide real-world European evidence supporting the role of defocus-modulating spectacle lenses in pediatric myopia management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision10020019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:34:08Z","timestamp":1774974848000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Real-World Effectiveness of CARE-Based Spectacle Lenses for Myopia Control in a Turkish Pediatric Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1522-3034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilay","family":"Akagun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Acibadem Hospital Ankara, Yukari Dikmen Tevfik Kis St. No. 6, Ankara 06450, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3262-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugur Emrah","family":"Altiparmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Acibadem Hospital Ankara, Yukari Dikmen Tevfik Kis St. No. 6, Ankara 06450, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004","article-title":"The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention","volume":"62","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. 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