{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:53:58Z","timestamp":1777042438016,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To evaluate the 1 year behavior of accommodation and optical quality one year after the implantation of phakic intraocular lenses, specifically the implantable collamer lens (ICL), in myopic patients, comparing outcomes between low- and high-myopia groups. Methods: This comparative longitudinal study included 38 eyes of 38 patients who underwent ICL implantation for myopia correction. Patients were divided into two groups based on preoperative manifest sphere: low myopia (\u22122.50 D to \u22126.25 D) and high myopia (&gt;\u22126.25 D to \u221212.50 D). The amplitude of accommodation (AA), subjective accommodative response (AR), optical quality parameters including the modulation transfer function (MTF) cut-off, objective scatter index (OSI) and Strehl ratio (SR), and objective accommodative response with a double-pass system (HD Analyzer, Visiometrics) were assessed preoperatively, 1 month, and 1 year postoperatively. Results: Both groups achieved postoperative refractive outcomes close to emmetropia, with high efficacy and safety indices. A statistically significant decrease in the amplitude of accommodation was observed at 1 month and remained stable at 1 year in both groups; however, this change was not clinically meaningful. The optical quality parameters (MTF cut-off, OSI, and Strehl ratio) and objective accommodative response with the HD Analyzer showed no clinically relevant changes over time, with no significant intergroup differences detected (p-value &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: An initial reduction in accommodative amplitude was observed after ICL implantation without recovery over time; however, it was not clinically relevant, as it fell within the test\u2013retest variability in the minus lens technique. Other accommodative parameters and optical quality remained stable at 1 year in both low and high myopia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision10020022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T14:05:36Z","timestamp":1776348336000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["One Year Longitudinal Assessment of Subjective and Objective Accommodation After Phakic IOL Implantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9110-6198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"L\u00f3pez-Artero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Miranza Group, C\/Galileo 104, 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Optometry and Vision Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Garc\u00eda-Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Poyales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miranza Group, C\/Galileo 104, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"P\u00e9rez-Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miranza Group, C\/Galileo 104, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"S\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miranza Group, C\/Galileo 104, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6162-0081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuria","family":"Garz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, H., Chen, X., Tian, M., Chen, Y., Wang, X., and Zhou, X. (2018). Refractive outcomes and optical quality after implantation of posterior chamber phakic implantable collamer lens with a central hole (ICL V4c). BMC Ophthalmol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0805-3"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e288","article-title":"Posterior-chamber phakic implantable collamer lenses with a central port: A review","volume":"99","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319205","article-title":"Long-term evaluation of anterior lens density after implantable collamer lens V4c implantation in patients with myopia over 40 years old","volume":"106","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211012861","article-title":"Posterior chamber collamer phakic intraocular lens implantation: Comparison of efficacy and safety for low and moderate-to-high myopia","volume":"32","author":"Pinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e145","article-title":"Binocular vision alterations after refractive and cataract surgery: A review","volume":"97","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2019.08.001","article-title":"A systematic review about the impact of phakic intraocular lenses on accommodation","volume":"13","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4879","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-023-02890-0","article-title":"The changes and causes of asthenopia after ICL implantation","volume":"43","author":"Haiting","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2007.00479.x","article-title":"Magnification and accommodation with phakic intraocular lenses","volume":"27","author":"Langenbucher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20220919-02","article-title":"Short-term Evaluation of Visual Quality, Amplitude of Accommodation, and Stereoacuity Between Patients With Moderate-to-High Myopia Who Underwent ICLV4c Implantation and SMILE","volume":"38","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"20411","article-title":"Accommodation after an implantable collamer lens implantation in high myopia patients","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000757","article-title":"The Effect of Age, Accommodation, and Refractive Error on the Adult Human Eye","volume":"93","author":"Richdale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.16173","article-title":"Amplitude of accommodation and its relation to refractive errors","volume":"53","author":"Abraham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamiya, K., Shimizu, K., Saito, A., Igarashi, A., and Kobashi, H. (2013). Comparison of optical quality and intraocular scattering after posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens with and without a central hole (Hole ICL and Conventional ICL) implantation using the double-pass instrument. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066846"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e325","article-title":"Analysis of Accommodation and Optical Quality After Myopia Surgery With Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation","volume":"41","author":"Poyales","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","article-title":"IMI\u2014Defining and Classifying Myopia: A Proposed Set of Standards for Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies","volume":"60","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.05.049","article-title":"Time course of accommodation after implantable collamer lens implantation","volume":"146","author":"Kamiya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Scheiman, M. (2013). Clinical Management of Binocular Vision: Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16434","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016434","article-title":"Accommodation changes after visian implantable collamer lens with central hole for high myopia: A STROBE-compliant article","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.03.021","article-title":"Measuring the accommodative response with a double-pass system: Comparison with the Hartmann-Shack technique","volume":"62","author":"Aldaba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12009","article-title":"Statistical guidelines for the analysis of data obtained from one or both eyes","volume":"33","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S120427","article-title":"Refractive outcomes and safety of the implantable collamer lens in young low-to-moderate myopes","volume":"11","author":"Dougherty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12884","article-title":"Repeatability of two subjective accommodative amplitude measurements and agreement with an objective method","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0938-9","article-title":"Repeatability intraexaminer and agreement in amplitude of accommodation measurements","volume":"247","author":"Antona","year":"2009","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13482","article-title":"Subjective and objective measurements of the amplitude of accommodation: Revisiting the existing methods and clinical evaluation of newer techniques","volume":"45","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20240212-01","article-title":"Anterior Segment Biometry During Accommodation After Posterior Chamber Phakic Implantable Collamer Lens Implantation","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2007.00529.x","article-title":"Accommodation in emmetropic and myopic young adults wearing bifocal soft contact lenses","volume":"28","author":"Tarrant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1701690","article-title":"Comparative Study of Implantable Collamer Lens Implantation in Treating Four Degrees of Myopia: Six-Month Observation of Visual Results, Higher-Order Aberrations, and Amplitude of Accommodation","volume":"45","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Artero, E., Poyales, F., Garz\u00f3n, N., Matamoros, A., S\u00e1ez, A., Zhou, Y., and Garc\u00eda-Montero, M. (2022). Changes in Accommodative and Binocular Function following Phakic Intraocular Lens for High and Low-to-Moderate Myopia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116716"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Zhang, B., and Wang, Z. (2022). Comparison of accommodation and accommodative micro-fluctuation after implantable collamer lens and LASIK surgery for myopia. BMC Ophthalmol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-02217-6"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04982-4","article-title":"Visual outcomes after small incision lenticule extraction and implantable collamer lens V4c for moderate myopia: 1 year results","volume":"259","author":"Aruma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2021.05.15","article-title":"Optical and visual quality comparison of implantable collamer lens and femtosecond laser assisted laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia correction","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artal, P., Benito, A., P\u00e9rez, G., Alc\u00f3n, E., De Casas, A., Pujol, J., and Mar\u00edn, J.M. (2011). An objective scatter index based on double-pass retinal images of a point source to classify cataracts. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016823"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5582","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14362","article-title":"Objective optical quality and intraocular scattering in myopic adults","volume":"7","author":"Miao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.07.033","article-title":"Repeatability of measurements with a double-pass system","volume":"36","author":"Saad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Z., Li, J., and Song, H. (2020). Short-time evaluation on intraocular scattering after implantable collamer lens implantation for correcting high myopia. BMC Ophthalmol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01482-1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12038","article-title":"Age-related changes in accommodation measured with a double-pass system","volume":"33","author":"Aldaba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(03)00667-9","article-title":"Subjective and objective measurement of human accommodative amplitude","volume":"29","author":"Wold","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2020.06.004","article-title":"Feasibility of optical quality analysis system for the objective assessment of accommodation insufficiency: A phase 1 study","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S171576","article-title":"Implantable collamer lens with central hole: 3-year follow-up","volume":"12","author":"Lisa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1159\/000526246","article-title":"Changes in Dimensions and Functions of Crystalline Lens in High Myopia Using CASIA2 Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."}],"container-title":["Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/10\/2\/22\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:04:40Z","timestamp":1777035880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/10\/2\/22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["vision10020022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vision10020022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5150","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]}}}