{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T14:20:22Z","timestamp":1778768422730,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and newer dual-incretin therapies have become central to the treatment of diabetes mellitus and obesity, with benefits extending beyond glycemic control. Their expanding use has prompted growing interest in their potential ocular effects. Experimental data support plausible protective mechanisms, including reduction in oxidative stress and neuroprotective effects on retinal and optic nerve tissues. Clinical evidence, however, remains heterogeneous. In diabetic retinopathy, the main concern appears to be transient early worsening associated with rapid glycemic improvement rather than direct retinal toxicity. A potential semaglutide-associated signal for non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy has raised concern, although the absolute risk appears low and causality remains unproven. Emerging studies also suggest possible beneficial associations with glaucoma, ocular surface diseases, and certain retinal vascular outcomes, whereas the evidence regarding age-related macular degeneration and cataract remains conflicting or preliminary. Overall, ocular outcomes associated with incretin-based therapies seem to reflect a complex interplay among drug-specific pharmacology, systemic metabolic changes, and individual patient susceptibility rather than a class effect. Baseline ophthalmic assessment and individualized follow-up may be advisable in selected high-risk patients. Further prospective ophthalmology-focused studies are needed to clarify long-term safety and identify the patients most likely to benefit or develop adverse events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision10020029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T13:04:09Z","timestamp":1778763849000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Glycemic Control: Ocular Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0956-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Lixi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Universit\u00e0 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3492-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Troisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Salerno University Hospital, Via San Leonardo, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4716-7154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Calabresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Universit\u00e0 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5007-8721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anina","family":"Giagoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Universit\u00e0 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Universit\u00e0 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihaela-Madalina","family":"Timofte-Zorila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Cai Ferate Clinical Hospital, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7275-4285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tudor-Corneliu","family":"Tara\u0219i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-3342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livio","family":"Vitiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Unit, Luigi Curto Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Salerno, 84035 Polla, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mara-Ioana","family":"Tomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Institute of Ophthalmological Emergencies \u201cProf. Dr. Mircea Olteanu\u201d, 010464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9700-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina-Gabriela","family":"Gheorghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Institute of Ophthalmological Emergencies \u201cProf. Dr. Mircea Olteanu\u201d, 010464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2410-6366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Coco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9933-4040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Lanzolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2617-0289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Giannaccare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Universit\u00e0 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac018","article-title":"Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor-Based Therapeutics for Metabolic Liver Disease","volume":"44","author":"Yabut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. 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