{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:07:07Z","timestamp":1791238027379,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vicerectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n of the Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0323wfn23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition increasingly affecting young populations, including medical students, due to intensive screen use, prolonged near work, and demanding academic environments. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of DED-related outcomes among medical students and to examine how estimates vary according to diagnostic methods, methodological characteristics, and publication period. A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (including SciELO), and EMBASE were searched from January 2000 to March 2026. A random-effects model was applied, and subgroup, sensitivity, and exploratory meta-regression analyses were performed. Twenty-seven studies were included, comprising 12,501 participants. The pooled prevalence of DED-related outcomes was 47.4% (95% CI: 38.4\u201356.4%); however, between-study heterogeneity was extreme (I2 = 99%). Therefore, this estimate should be interpreted as an approximate summary of a highly heterogeneous evidence base rather than as a definitive global epidemiological value. Prevalence estimates varied according to diagnostic approach, particularly between self-report, symptom questionnaires, and clinical tests. Exploratory meta-regression suggested a positive association with publication year, but these analyses did not meaningfully resolve heterogeneity and should not be interpreted as causal evidence of a temporal increase. Standardized diagnostic approaches combining symptoms and ocular surface signs are needed to improve comparability across studies and inform preventive visual-health strategies in medical education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision10030046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T06:11:42Z","timestamp":1784787102000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Global Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease in Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"V\u00edctor Juan","family":"Vera-Ponce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6515-3158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Bustamante-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7070-7434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jhosmer","family":"Ballena-Caicedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3964-0929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leyner","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namibia Jherly Cervera","family":"Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiorella E.","family":"Zuzunaga-Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Golden, M.I., Meyer, J.J., Zeppieri, M., and Patel, B.C. 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