{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:51:07Z","timestamp":1790646667488,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a chorioretinal disease affecting mostly middle age males. It is marked by the serous detachment of the neurosensory layer at the macula. This review of the literature provides a framework of the current characteristic\/relevant imaging findings of CSCR. Although the pathogenesis of CSCR is unclear, the choroid plays a major role and its changes are fundamental to the diagnosis and treatment of CSCR. Methods: A systematic literature search focusing on current multimodal imaging for CSCR was performed. Only articles reporting on original clinical data were selected, studies in a language other than English were included only if an English abstract was provided. Additional sources included articles cited in the references list of the first selected articles. We deduced imaging findings based on current and relevant literature on the topic. Results: We found that sub foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were greater in eyes with acute CSCR than in eyes with chronic CSCR or normal eyes. There was increased choroidal thickness (CT) in the macula compared to peripapillary region. In healthy eyes, the highest CVI was found in the nasal region followed by the inferior, temporal, and superior quadrant. The area with the least CVI was the macula. In eyes with CSCR, 100% had asymmetric dominant vortex veins compared to 38% in normal eyes. Conclusion: Choroidal imaging has advanced the diagnosis of CSCR. This has led to numerous imaging biomarkers like CVI, CT, and hyper-reflective dots for early detection and possible prognostication of CSCR. More techniques like wide field scans and en face imaging are being employed to characterize the choroid in CSCR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision4040044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T08:56:48Z","timestamp":1602838608000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Current Choroidal Imaging Findings in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1855-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gideon","family":"Nkrumah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6598-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitrii S.","family":"Maltsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Military Medical Academy, 194044 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paez-Escamilla A.","family":"Manuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7777-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianno","family":"Cozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science \u201cLuigi Sacco\u201d, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ivernizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science \u201cLuigi Sacco\u201d, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6817-2488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Lupidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit Randhir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs Retina Center at Shiley Eye Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Chhablani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000360014","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"232","author":"Liegl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318156db8a","article-title":"The natural history of pigment epithelial detachment associated with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"27","author":"Mudvari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2005.01027.x","article-title":"Long-term macular function in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"33","author":"Baran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. 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