{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:36:10Z","timestamp":1789655770010,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To investigate the corneal characteristics in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and age-matched typical development (TD) participants. Methods: This cross-sectional, clinically based study compared children with ASD to age-matched TD participants. Corneal topography was measured with a portable EyeSys Vista system. The distance visual acuity (VA) and the contrast sensitivity (CS) were determined. The refractive error (RE) was assessed using a 2WIN autorefractometer. Results: A total of 31 children with ASD (mean age: 12.78 \u00b1 4.49 years), and 60 participants with TD (mean age: 13.65 \u00b1 3.56 years) were recruited. The two groups were similar in age (t = \u22122.084, p = 0.075) and VA (t = \u22120.35, p = 0.32). Most of the children with ASD had a significant amount of refractive errors (REs; range: +5.25 to \u22125.50 DS), and astigmatism was dominant (range: \u22120.25 to \u22124.50 DC). There was no statistically significant difference between both groups in terms of average corneal power (t = 1.12, p = 0.39). The children with ASD and participants with TD also did not differ significantly in terms of corneal shape descriptors (p &gt; 0.05), such as corneal asphericity, inferior superior index, opposite sector index, and differential sector index. The spherical equivalent did not differ significantly between the ASD participants and participants with TD (t = 1.15, p = 0.15). There was a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) in the astigmatism component between the ASD participants and the participants with TD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision5010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T02:36:05Z","timestamp":1611196565000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Comparative Study of Corneal Topography in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Maha A.","family":"ALGarzaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 091510, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2900-2662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali M.","family":"Alsaqr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 091510, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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