{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:29:52Z","timestamp":1790062192017,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Myopia is a condition in which the visual images come to a focus in front of the retina of the eye. This disease is a major cause of visual disability, which presents in 108 million persons globally. Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between the degree of myopia, the axial length, and the choroidal thickness (CT). Methods: This is an observational analytical study that made use of a cross-sectional design. A total of 59 participants with refractive errors underwent treatment at Hasanuddin University Hospital and 116 eyes were measured and analyzed. The choroidal thickness was measured using the Enhance Depth Imaging OCT (EDI-OCT) tool, which is divided into nine observational areas. Furthermore, all data obtained were compared using statistical analysis, such as the one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation test (p &lt; 0.05). Results: There was a significant relationship between the choroidal thickness with axial length (p &lt; 0.05) and myopia degrees (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: The thickness of the choroid decreases with an increase in the axial length and degree of myopia, which further indicates that the higher the myopia degree, the thinner the choroidal vasculature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision6010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T22:53:56Z","timestamp":1646261636000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Choroidal Thickness in Correlation with Axial Length and Myopia Degree"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Habibah Setyawati","family":"Muhiddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andi Ratna","family":"Mayasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Batari Todja","family":"Umar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junaedi","family":"Sirajuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilhamjaya","family":"Patellongi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itzar Chaidir","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-2211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andi Muhammad","family":"Ichsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4103\/tjosr.tjosr_85_20","article-title":"Myopia: Current concepts and review of literature","volume":"58","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"TNOA J. Ophthalmic Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000499","article-title":"A Review of Current Concepts of the Etiology and Treatment of Myopia","volume":"44","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7347.1195","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"324","author":"Fredrick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2021.04.19","article-title":"Review on current concepts of myopia and its control strategies","volume":"14","author":"Kaiti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"134","article-title":"Myopia: A Review of Literature Aetiology Progression of Myopia","volume":"18","author":"Okafor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Niger. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000317072","article-title":"Axial length of myopia: A review of current research","volume":"225","author":"Meng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S241435","article-title":"Pathogenesis and prevention of worsening axial elongation in pathological myopia","volume":"14","author":"Pugazhendhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yotsukura, E., Torii, H., Ozawa, H., Hida, R.Y., Shiraishi, T., Teixeira, I.C., Rautha, Y.V.B.L., Do Nascimento, C.F.M., Mori, K., and Uchino, M. (2021). Axial length and prevalence of myopia among schoolchildren in the equatorial region of brazil. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010115"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1438","article-title":"Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Patients with High Myopia without Maculopathy","volume":"25","author":"Teberik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2017.31.2.151","article-title":"Choroidal Thickness Variation According to Refractive Error Measured by Spectral Domain-optical Coherence Tomography in Korean Children","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.05.008","article-title":"Choroidal and Retinal Thickness in Children with Different Refractive Status Measured by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"168","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.04.029","article-title":"Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography of the Choroid in Highly Myopic Eyes","volume":"148","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Wang, Y., Gao, X., Qian, N., and Zhuo, Y. (2015). Choroidal thickness and high myopia: A cross-sectional study and meta-analysis Retina. BMC Ophthalmol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0059-2"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2012.26.4.255","article-title":"Measurement of choroidal thickness in normal eyes using 3D OCT-1000 spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"26","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.01.003","article-title":"Changes in Choroidal Thickness Varied by Age and Refraction in Children and Adolescents: A 1-Year Longitudinal Study","volume":"213","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000936","article-title":"Correlation between choroidal thickness and degree of myopia assessed with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography","volume":"27","author":"Farweez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22748","article-title":"Distribution Pattern of Choroidal Thickness at the Posterior Pole in Chinese Children With Myopia","volume":"59","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314619","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in axial length in high myopia: A 4-year prospective study","volume":"104","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20131015-01","article-title":"Correlation of choroidal thickness with outer and inner retinal layers","volume":"44","author":"Karahan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S301702","article-title":"A comparative study of macular and choroidal thickness and blood-flow parameters in patients with intermediate and simple juvenile moderate myopia","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."}],"container-title":["Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/6\/1\/16\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:30:44Z","timestamp":1760135444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/6\/1\/16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vision6010016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vision6010016","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5150","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]}}}