{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T23:56:09Z","timestamp":1771545369362,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Groffman visual tracing (GVT) test is an indirect psychometric measure of oculomotor performance, used for the clinical assessment of eye movements. The test consists of two cards with five contorted lines of increasing overlap, crowding, and difficulty. The task starts from each of the letters at the top of the page, follows the line from the letter to the corresponding number at the bottom of the page, and the number is named. Although the GVT test was developed for the evaluation of children, it has also been applied to adults with visual and cognitive deficits. However, it lacks reference values. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess oculomotor behavior across the typical human lifespan and to define normative data in an adult population. A total of 526 adults aged between 20 and 79 years, all without neurological or psychiatric deficits, were enrolled in the study. The results were analyzed by considering the accuracy and execution times separately. An influence of age, education and sex for accuracy was found, and age for the execution times was found. Norms for adults were developed considering the specific structure of the test and the accuracy and the execution time separately. The GVT test can now be applied in healthy and neurological adult populations for the evaluation of oculomotor performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision6020034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T22:54:52Z","timestamp":1655679292000},"page":"34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Normative Values of the Groffman Visual Tracing Test for the Assessment of Oculomotor Performance in the Adult Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0604-5029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Facchin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"COMiB\u2014Optics and Optometry Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"NeuroMI\u2014Milan Center for Neuroscience, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Research and Studies in Optics and Optometry, 50059 Vinci, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Mischi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Material Science Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Iannello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Material Science Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Maffioletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Studies in Optics and Optometry, 50059 Vinci, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1055-8353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Daini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"COMiB\u2014Optics and Optometry Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"NeuroMI\u2014Milan Center for Neuroscience, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.01.015","article-title":"Visual cognition","volume":"51","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.05.009","article-title":"Tracking multiple targets with multifocal attention","volume":"9","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. 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