{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T23:44:59Z","timestamp":1768520699467,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies have reported motor deficiencies in children with dyslexia, in line with the cerebellar deficit theory. In the present study, we explored whether tests used by physiotherapists during clinical evaluation were able to report motor deficits in a group of fifty-six dyslexic children (mean age 10.9 \u00b1 0.2 years old) compared to a group of thirty-eight non-dyslexic children (mean age 11.2 \u00b1 0.4 years old). The occurrence of instability on an unstable support; spinal instability in the sagittal, frontal and horizontal plane; head-eye discoordination; and poor eye stability were clinically assessed in the two groups of children. All such measures were found to be significantly more frequent in dyslexic than in non-dyslexic children (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.05, p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively, for occurrence of instability on an unstable support, spinal instability, head-eye discoordination and poor eye stability). These results, firstly, confirmed the poor motor control of dyslexic children, suggesting deficient cerebellar integration. Secondly, for the first time, we reported that simple tests that can be done by pediatricians and\/or during a clinical routine evaluation could be useful to discriminate children with reading difficulties. The tests used in this study could be a reference for a first exploration of motor deficiencies in children with dyslexia that can be easily assessed by clinicians and\/or physiotherapists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision7020037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T02:02:23Z","timestamp":1682647343000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Postural and Proprioceptive Deficits Clinically Assessed in Children with Reading Disabilities: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Franck","family":"Scheveig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique de Posturologie, 66100 Perpignan, France"},{"name":"MoDyCo, UMR 7114 CNRS Universit\u00e9 Paris Nanterre, 92000 Nanterre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Bucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoDyCo, UMR 7114 CNRS Universit\u00e9 Paris Nanterre, 92000 Nanterre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)61276-0","article-title":"Dysmetric dyslexia and dyspraxia. Hypothesis and study","volume":"12","author":"Frank","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01896-8","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: The cerebellar deficit hypothesis","volume":"24","author":"Nicolson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucci, M.P., Bui-Quoc, E., and Gerard, C.-L. (2013). The effect of a stroop-like task on postural control in dyslexic children. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00981"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2018.07.010","article-title":"Interactions between eye movements and posture in children with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"71","author":"Bucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.01.013","article-title":"Interstride trunk acceleration variability but not step width variability can differentiate between fit and frail older adults","volume":"21","author":"Helbostad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.03.049","article-title":"Static postural control in children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"403","author":"Pozzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.420","article-title":"Striking the right balance: Motor difficulties in children and adults with dyslexia","volume":"16","author":"Brookes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03886.x","article-title":"Balance and reading are separate symptoms of dyslexia","volume":"53","author":"Fawcett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949402701006","article-title":"Testing the Automatization Deficit Hypothesis of Dyslexia Via a Dual-Task Paradigm","volume":"27","author":"Yap","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00112","article-title":"Development of dyslexia: The delayed neural commitment framework","volume":"13","author":"Nicolson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Simon, L. (1979). Syndrome de D\u00e9ficience Posturale. Actualit\u00e9s en R\u00e9\u00e9ducation Fonctionnelle et R\u00e9adaptation, 4e S\u00e9rie, Masson."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"747","article-title":"Syndrome de d\u00e9ficience Posturale","volume":"9","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-013-0511-x","article-title":"Consensus paper: The cerebellum\u2019s role in movement and cognition","volume":"13","author":"Koziol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.016","article-title":"The cerebellum, sensitive periods, and autism","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.11.008","article-title":"Evidence for topographic organization in the cerebellum of motor control versus cognitive and affective processing","volume":"46","author":"Stoodley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000579","article-title":"Eye Movement Disorders and the Cerebellum","volume":"36","author":"Shemesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90209-7","article-title":"Differences in eye movements and reading problems in dyslexic and normal children","volume":"34","author":"Eden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.1.199","article-title":"Human express saccade makers are impaired at suppressing visually evoked saccades","volume":"76","author":"Biscaldi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00058","article-title":"Immaturity of Visual Fixations in Dyslexic Children","volume":"10","author":"Tiadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (2003). The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Pearson. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1037\/t15174-000"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"125","article-title":"L\u2019examen clinique postural [Clinical examination of posture]","volume":"21","author":"Gagey","year":"1980","journal-title":"Agressologie"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108134","article-title":"A sensorimotor representation impairment in dyslexic adults: A specific profile of comorbidity","volume":"165","author":"Marchetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Marquet-Dol\u00e9ac, J.S.R., Soppelsa, R., and Albaret, J.M. (2016). MABC-2 Batterie D\u2019\u00e9valuation du Mouvement Chez L\u2019enfant, Pearson. [2nd ed.]. Edition du Centre de Psychologie Appliqu\u00e9e."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"215","article-title":"Action representation deficits in adolescents with developmental dyslexia","volume":"15","author":"Skoura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.05.013","article-title":"Insights into cerebellar development and connectivity","volume":"688","author":"Beckinghausen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-011-0260-7","article-title":"The Cerebellum and Cognition: Evidence from Functional Imaging Studies","volume":"11","author":"Stoodley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.3.433","article-title":"Brain Activation for Lexical Decision and Reading Aloud: Two Sides of the Same Coin?","volume":"19","author":"Carreiras","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.235","article-title":"Evaluation of an exercise-based treatment for children with reading difficulties","volume":"9","author":"Reynolds","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goul\u00e8me, N., Gerard, C.-L., and Bucci, M.P. (2015). The Effect of Training on Postural Control in Dyslexic Children. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130196"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramezani, M., Behzadipour, S., Pourghayoomi, E., Joghataei, M.T., Shirazi, E., and Fawcett, A.J. (2021). Evaluating a new verbal working memory-balance program: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial study on Iranian children with dyslexia. BMC Neurosci., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-021-00660-1"}],"container-title":["Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/7\/2\/37\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:24:48Z","timestamp":1760124288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/7\/2\/37"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["vision7020037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vision7020037","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5150","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]}}}