{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:19:47Z","timestamp":1760149187535,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National and International Networking Program of the Vision Health Research Network"},{"name":"Vice-Dean of Research and Development of the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic had significant impacts on the mental and visual health of patients. This cross-sectional, survey-based, multicentric study evaluates the state of mental and visual health among patients with chronic ocular diseases such as glaucoma, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, or chronic uveitis during the lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mental health was assessed using three questionnaires: the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (VFQ-25). A total of 145 patients completed the questionnaires. The PHQ-9 showed that most respondents (n = 89, 61%) had none or minimal depressive symptoms, while 31 (21%) had mild depressive symptoms, 19 (13%) had moderate depressive symptoms, 5 (3%) had moderately severe depressive symptoms, and 1 (1%) had severe depressive symptoms. Regarding stress surrounding the pandemic, the median IES-R showed mild distress in 16 (11%), moderate distress in 7 (5%), and severe distress in 4 (3%). The COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns had a negative impact on patients\u2019 mental health with close to 20% of the patients reporting at least moderately depressive symptoms and 19% reporting at least mildly distressful symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision7030049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T01:01:41Z","timestamp":1689123701000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health among Patients with Chronic Ocular Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Soumaya","family":"Bouhout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5738-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8995-9573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"Jakubowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Jaworski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"University Ophthalmology Center, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CHUM), Montr\u00e9al, QC H2X 3E4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen E.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada"},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0392-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Jos\u00e9e","family":"Aubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"University Ophthalmology Center, Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 Universitaire de Sant\u00e9 et de Services Sociaux de l\u2019Est-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al\u2013H\u00f4pital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montr\u00e9al, QC H1T 2M4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.02.034","article-title":"World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)","volume":"76","author":"Sohrabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa073","article-title":"COVID-19 lockdowns throughout the world","volume":"70","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet Psychiatry (2021). COVID-19 and mental health. Lancet Psychiatry, 8, 87.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00005-5"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2021.08.012","article-title":"Mental Health Issues During and After COVID-19 Vaccine Era","volume":"176","author":"Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"95","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic impact on mental health of vulnerable populations","volume":"91","author":"Amerio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211020435","article-title":"Mental health of people with multiple sclerosis during the COVID-19 outbreak: A prospective cohort and cross-sectional case\u2013control study of the UK MS Register","volume":"28","author":"Garjani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10160-7","article-title":"The emotional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"268","author":"Chiaravalloti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"120","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on public sector ophthalmic work by New Zealand\u2019s ophthalmologists","volume":"134","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.04.029","article-title":"Virtual Ophthalmology: Telemedicine in a COVID-19 Era","volume":"216","author":"Saleem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trott, M., Driscoll, R., and Pardhan, S. (2022). Associations between diabetic retinopathy, mortality, disease, and mental health: An umbrella review of observational meta-analyses. BMC Endocr. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01236-8"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2019). World Report on Vision, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241516570."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9959","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103344","article-title":"Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people?","volume":"12","author":"Mueller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370304800111","article-title":"Validation of a French Version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised","volume":"48","author":"Brunet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S162802","article-title":"The use of patient-reported outcome research in modern ophthalmology: Impact on clinical trials and routine clinical practice","volume":"10","author":"Braithwaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Patient Relat. Outcome Meas."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200422030-00005","article-title":"Psychometric Validation of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25) French version: In a population of patients treated for ocular hypertension and glaucoma","volume":"22","author":"Nordmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.7.1050","article-title":"Development of the 25-list-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire","volume":"119","author":"Mangione","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, J.P., and Tang, C.S. (2007). Cross-Cultural Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-70990-1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v11.i12.1346","article-title":"Impact of lockdown relaxation and implementation of the face-covering policy on mental health: A United Kingdom COVID-19 study","volume":"11","author":"Rathod","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.07.010","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale\u2014Revised","volume":"41","author":"Creamer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.484","article-title":"Suppression of Cellular Immunity in Men with a Past History of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"158","author":"Kawamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hinkle, D.E., Wiersma, W., and Jurs, S.G. (1994). Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Houghton Mifflin. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.003","article-title":"Validity of the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire Mood Scale (PHQ-9) in the general population","volume":"28","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2022, October 13). Canadian Glaucoma Society Recommendations for Providing Eye Care to Glaucoma Patients During COVID-19 Pandemic 2020. Available online: https:\/\/cgs-scg.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/member-docs\/0984451340a54c71ea53cbc5db63b1ff\/2020-CGS-COVID-19-Guidelines-June-9.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2022, October 13). Guidelines for Ophthalmic Care during COVID-19 Pandemic 2020. Available online: https:\/\/cosprc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Guidelines-for-Ophthalmic-Care_March_19_12PM-ef-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2022, July 04). Recommendations for Urgent and Nonurgent Patient Care\u2014American Academy of Ophthalmology. Available online: https:\/\/www.aao.org\/education\/headline\/new-recommendations-urgent-nonurgent-patient-care."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2022, July 04). Canadian Retina Society (CRS) Position Statement on Intravitreal Injections and the Management of Retinal Diseases during the COVID-19 Crisis. Available online: https:\/\/www.cosprc.ca\/canadian-retina-society-crs-position-statement-on-intravitreal-injections-and-the-management-of-retinal-diseases-during-the-covid-19-crisis\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2022, July 04). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Outpatient Visits: A Rebound Emerges|Commonwealth Fund. Available online: https:\/\/www.commonwealthfund.org\/publications\/2020\/apr\/impact-covid-19-outpatient-visits."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S334147","article-title":"The Impact of COVID-19 in the Follow-Up of Glaucoma Patients in a Tertiary Center: A Comparison Between Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic Periods","volume":"15","author":"Ayub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-320368","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on uveitis patient care","volume":"107","author":"Vu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-021-01411-6","article-title":"The Impact of COVID-19 on Diabetic Retinopathy Monitoring and Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04858-7","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on outpatient visits and intravitreal treatments in a referral retina unit: Let\u2019s be ready for a plausible \u201crebound effect\u201d","volume":"258","author":"Borrelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001892","article-title":"Compliance and adherence of patients with diabetic macular edema to intravitreal anti\u2013vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in daily practice","volume":"38","author":"Weiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.04.007","article-title":"Guidelines on Diabetic Eye Care: The International Council of Ophthalmology Recommendations for Screening, Follow-up, Referral, and Treatment Based on Resource Settings","volume":"125","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-016-0102-3","article-title":"A national survey of Canadian ophthalmologists to determine awareness of published guidelines for the management of uveitis","volume":"6","author":"Cheung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Inflamm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6509809","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6509809","article-title":"Medical Management of Glaucoma in the 21st Century from a Canadian Perspective","volume":"2016","author":"Harasymowycz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.7861\/fhj.2020-0139","article-title":"Teleophthalmology and COVID-19: The patient perspective","volume":"8","author":"Golash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Healthc. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.06.027","article-title":"Increased Number of Submacular Hemorrhages as a Consequence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Lockdown","volume":"4","author":"Romano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4040","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0687","article-title":"Visual Acuity Change and Mortality in Older Adults","volume":"46","author":"Freeman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18419-2","article-title":"Age-Related Eye Disease and Participation in Cognitive Activities","volume":"7","author":"Varin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7314308","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7314308","article-title":"Psychological Aspects and Depression in Patients with Symptomatic Keratoconus","volume":"2018","author":"Moschos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dub, N., Konopi\u0144ska, J., Obuchowska, I., Lisowski, \u0141., Dmuchowska, D.A., and R\u0119kas, M. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Ophthalmology Residents: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111567"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., and Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051729"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-022-02296-4","article-title":"Drop in well-being of ARMD patients under treatment with anti-VEGF injections during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"42","author":"Mylona","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01130-4","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on people living with eye diseases in the UK","volume":"35","author":"Ting","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14731","article-title":"The impact of advanced age-related macular degeneration on the National Eye Institute\u2019s Visual Function Questionnaire-25","volume":"99","author":"Patnaik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02165-1","article-title":"The relationship between diabetic retinopathy and psychosocial functioning: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Khoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-318901","article-title":"Interpretation of change scores for the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25: The minimally important difference","volume":"106","author":"Burr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoeksema, L., and Los, L.I. (2016). Vision-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Inactive HLA-B27\u2013Associated-Spectrum Anterior Uveitis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146956"}],"container-title":["Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/7\/3\/49\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:10:32Z","timestamp":1760127032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/7\/3\/49"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vision7030049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vision7030049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5150"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2411-5150"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]}}}