{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:50:15Z","timestamp":1774612215744,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Agency for Research","award":["ANR-14-CE21-0005-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-14-CE21-0005-01"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Research","award":["ANR-2010-PRSP-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-2010-PRSP-007"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Research","award":["Afsset\/ANSES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Afsset\/ANSES"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Research","award":["EST 2009\/1\/61"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EST 2009\/1\/61"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Research","award":["#00081165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#00081165"]}]},{"name":"French Agency for Environmental Health Safety","award":["ANR-14-CE21-0005-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-14-CE21-0005-01"]}]},{"name":"French Agency for Environmental Health Safety","award":["ANR-2010-PRSP-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-2010-PRSP-007"]}]},{"name":"French Agency for Environmental Health Safety","award":["Afsset\/ANSES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Afsset\/ANSES"]}]},{"name":"French Agency for Environmental Health Safety","award":["EST 2009\/1\/61"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EST 2009\/1\/61"]}]},{"name":"French Agency for Environmental Health Safety","award":["#00081165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#00081165"]}]},{"name":"Fondation de France","award":["ANR-14-CE21-0005-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-14-CE21-0005-01"]}]},{"name":"Fondation de France","award":["ANR-2010-PRSP-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-2010-PRSP-007"]}]},{"name":"Fondation de France","award":["Afsset\/ANSES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Afsset\/ANSES"]}]},{"name":"Fondation de France","award":["EST 2009\/1\/61"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EST 2009\/1\/61"]}]},{"name":"Fondation de France","award":["#00081165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#00081165"]}]},{"name":"Inserm","award":["ANR-14-CE21-0005-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-14-CE21-0005-01"]}]},{"name":"Inserm","award":["ANR-2010-PRSP-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-2010-PRSP-007"]}]},{"name":"Inserm","award":["Afsset\/ANSES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Afsset\/ANSES"]}]},{"name":"Inserm","award":["EST 2009\/1\/61"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EST 2009\/1\/61"]}]},{"name":"Inserm","award":["#00081165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#00081165"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excessive screen time has been linked to adverse health outcomes in children, including vision-related problems such as myopia. However, very few studies have evaluated the effect of moderate screen exposure on the development of visual functions. This study aimed to examine the association between screen time during middle childhood and color discrimination, contrast sensitivity, and short-range visual acuity in 12-year-old children (n = 305) from the mother\u2013child PELAGIE cohort (France) for the whole sample and for boys and girls separately. Visual functions were assessed using the Freiburg Acuity and Contrast Test and an adapted version of the Cambridge Color Test. Screen exposure was documented using a parent self-report questionnaire. Regression models showed that screen exposure at 6 years of age was significantly associated with higher contrast sensitivity across the entire sample at 12 years of age. However, when controlling for covariates, this association remained statistically significant in girls only. Sex-stratified analyses also showed that moderate screen exposure was linked to improved tritan-axis color vision in boys only. These findings suggest that moderate screen exposure in middle childhood is not harmful to visual function development and as such, provide new insights into the impact of digital technology on children\u2019s visual health and development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision7040063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:48:31Z","timestamp":1695552511000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Screen Time at 6 Years Old and Visual Function in Early Adolescence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Champagne-Hamel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2V 2S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Monfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, EHESP, Irset\u2014UMR_S 1085, Universit\u00e9 Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Chevrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, EHESP, Irset\u2014UMR_S 1085, Universit\u00e9 Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8680-1615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dave","family":"Saint-Amour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2V 2S9, Canada"},{"name":"Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kardefelt-Winther, D. 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