{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:59:30Z","timestamp":1791896370162,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION) represents one of the most important causes of blindness or severely impaired vision in middle-aged and elderly people. Unilateral optic disc edema and abrupt, painless vision loss are its defining features. It is commonly assumed that NA-AION is caused by an ischemic infarction of the optic nerve head, and, although the exact pathogenesis is still unknown, several risk factors and comorbidities associated with its development have been found. NA-AION occurs generally in patients older than 50 years who have small optic discs and vasculopathy risk factors. Even though numerous treatment options have been proposed, no available effective medical or surgical therapy or prophylactic measure for NA-AION currently exists. The purpose of present-day therapeutic strategies is therefore to identify and possibly control any underlying modifiable risk factors, aiming to prevent the development of new NA-AION episodes in the affected and fellow eye. A thorough assessment of NAION, including its history, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, associated comorbidities, clinical findings, diagnostic tests, treatment choices, prognosis, and future research, is the goal of this work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision7040072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T10:19:27Z","timestamp":1699525167000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NA-AION): A Comprehensive Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6566-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Letizia","family":"Salvetat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale, 33170 Pordenone, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale, 33170 Pordenone, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1190-3956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leopoldo","family":"Spadea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00142 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Salati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0999-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zeppieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2008.11.002","article-title":"Ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"28","author":"Hayreh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1413352","article-title":"Ischemic Optic Neuropathies","volume":"372","author":"Biousse","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.144","article-title":"Current concepts in the diagnosis, pathogenesis and management of nonarteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy","volume":"29","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"25","author":"Morrow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_533_22","article-title":"Ischemic Optic Neuropathies: Current Concepts","volume":"25","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Raizada, K., and Margolin, E. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.58.12.955","article-title":"Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. I. Terminology and pathogenesis","volume":"58","author":"Hayreh","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-013-2399-z","article-title":"Ischemic optic neuropathies\u2014Where are we now?","volume":"251","author":"Hayreh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000870","article-title":"Unraveling the Enigma of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"39","author":"Rizzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70999-7","article-title":"Incidence of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"123","author":"Hattenhauer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.77024","article-title":"Management of ischemic optic neuropathies","volume":"59","author":"Hayreh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.08.017","article-title":"Demographic, Systemic, and Ocular Factors Associated with Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"123","author":"Cestari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311140","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy in South Korea: A nationwide population-based study","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618353","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.618353","article-title":"Risk Factors for Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Large Scale Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"93","article-title":"The spectrum of optic disc ischemia in patients younger than 50 years (an Amercian Ophthalmological Society thesis)","volume":"111","author":"Arnold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0027-RS","article-title":"Pathology of Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"141","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-015-0373-5","article-title":"Ischemic optic neuropathies and their models: Disease comparisons, model strengths and weaknesses","volume":"59","author":"Bernstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.10.004","article-title":"Autoregulation and neurovascular coupling in the optic nerve head","volume":"61","author":"Prada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2022-322254","article-title":"Vascular supply of the optic nerve head: Implications for optic disc ischaemia","volume":"107","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"47","article-title":"Fluorescein angiography of the optic nerve head: Normal aspects","volume":"9","author":"Piermarocchi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Metab. Pediatr. Syst. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000684","article-title":"Evaluation of Optic Nerve Head and Peripapillary Choroidal Vasculature Using Swept-source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography","volume":"26","author":"Na","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-020-00728-1","article-title":"Systemic and ocular determinants of mean ocular perfusion pressure in a population-based sample","volume":"64","author":"Atalay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35683-y","article-title":"Evaluation of optic nerve head blood flow in response to increase of intraocular pressure","volume":"8","author":"Iwase","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"203","article-title":"Histopathologic studies of ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"98","author":"Knox","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100130484027","article-title":"Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"114","author":"Levin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00804-2","article-title":"The morphology of an infarct in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"110","author":"Tesser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73080-6","article-title":"Fluorescein angiography in acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"117","author":"Arnold","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100130289011","article-title":"Fluorescein angiography in nonischemic optic disc edema","volume":"114","author":"Arnold","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200204000-00009","article-title":"Indocyanine green and fluorescein angiography in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"22","author":"Oto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e445","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14555","article-title":"Optic nerve head and peripapillary perfusion as assessed with laser speckle flowgraphy in non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy","volume":"99","author":"Calzetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3774-y","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in acute arteritic and non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"255","author":"Balducci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.11.035","article-title":"Incipient nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"114","author":"Hayreh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2019.1620792","article-title":"Disc Configuration as a Risk and Prognostic Factor in NAION: The Impact of Cup to Disc Ratio, Disc Diameter, and Crowding Index","volume":"34","author":"Contreras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial Study Group (1996). Characteristics of patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy eligible for the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial. Arch. Ophthalmol., 114, 1366\u20131374.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140566007"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.03.052","article-title":"Optic Disc Drusen Studies Consortium. Young Adults With Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Multicenter Optic Disc Drusen Study","volume":"217","author":"Hamann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000885","article-title":"Optic Disc Drusen Associated Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: Prevalence of Comorbidities and Vascular Risk Factors","volume":"40","author":"Malmqvist","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.56","article-title":"Crowded optic nerve head evaluation with optical coherence tomography in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"31","author":"Moghimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.351","article-title":"Cellular inflammation in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and its primate model","volume":"129","author":"Salgado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2020.0075","article-title":"Serum Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"34","author":"Yeter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2011.02.003","article-title":"Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and its experimental models","volume":"30","author":"Bernstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4068\/cmj.2016.52.3.194","article-title":"Clinical Usefulness of Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Glaucoma and NAION","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chonnam Med. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100230","article-title":"Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: Cystic Change in the Inner Nuclear Layer Caused by Edema and Retrograde Maculopathy","volume":"3","author":"Chapelle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2022.08.22","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and primary open angle glaucoma: A systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1159\/000528627","article-title":"Risk Factors for Fellow Eye Involvement in Patients with Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S125311","article-title":"Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Cause, effect, and management","volume":"9","author":"Berry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874415583117","article-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmological Emergencies","volume":"5","author":"Lemos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1681_20","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis: Its ophthalmic manifestations","volume":"69","author":"Hayreh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100593","article-title":"Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a patient with papilledema from idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2020.1851263","article-title":"Simultaneous and Bilateral Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy and Acute Angle-Closure","volume":"45","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080170018004","article-title":"Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and intraocular pressure","volume":"110","author":"Katz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J.M., Park, S.W., Ji, Y.S., Kim, J., Yoo, C., and Heo, H. (2017). Postural effects on intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure in patients with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. BMC Ophthalmol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0441-3"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70902-X","article-title":"Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Time of onset of visual loss","volume":"124","author":"Hayreh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"e11627","article-title":"Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION) Following a Hypovolemic Episode of Gastric Bleeding","volume":"12","author":"Gkoumas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"A9831","article-title":"Shockge\u00efnduceerde ischemische opticusneuropathie Shock-induced ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"160","author":"Koekkoek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100160112031","article-title":"Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Role of nocturnal arterial hypotension","volume":"115","author":"Hayreh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100130562012","article-title":"24-hour blood pressure monitoring in patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"114","author":"Landau","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"62","article-title":"Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy associated with metabolic syndrome","volume":"71","author":"Ivanovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Oftalmol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05522-4","article-title":"Cardiometabolic factors and risk of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"260","author":"Chatziralli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Song, D., Shan, G., Wang, K., Wang, Y., Ma, J., and Zhong, Y. (2013). The association between diabetes mellitus and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076653"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2021.07.12","article-title":"Atherogenic indices in non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"14","author":"Yeter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.12.010","article-title":"Increased Risk of Stroke in Patients With Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"175","author":"Hayreh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220281","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2022-0281","article-title":"The correlation between non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and cerebral infarction","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Z., Li, H., and Wang, Y. (2021). Implication of Retrobulbar and internal carotid artery blood-flow-volume alterations for the pathogenesis of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. BMC Ophthalmol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-02075-2"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.4.539","article-title":"Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is not associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Fry","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001493","article-title":"Dialysis-Associated Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Case Series and Review","volume":"42","author":"Donaldson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"85","article-title":"Migrainous optic neuropathy","volume":"4","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31266-8","article-title":"Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy. The impact of tobacco use","volume":"101","author":"Chung","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312910","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and increased risk of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14071","article-title":"Sleep and eye disease: A review","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.11.004","article-title":"Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in patients with sleep apnea while being treated with continuous positive airway pressure","volume":"139","author":"Behbehani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.5.554c","article-title":"Is non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy related to homocysteine?","volume":"84","author":"Biousse","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1051572","article-title":"Mean Platelet Volume in Patients with Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"2016","author":"Elbey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, C.S., Sarkar, A., and Knapp, C. (2019). Bilateral NAION and GPIb\u03b1 gene. BMC Ophthalmol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-1010-0"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.11.011","article-title":"Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION): A misnomer. Rearranging pieces of a puzzle to reveal a nonischemic papillopathy caused by vitreous separation","volume":"122","author":"Parsa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.07.063","article-title":"Vitrectomy and release of presumed epipapillary vitreous traction for treatment of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy associated with partial posterior vitreous detachment","volume":"114","author":"Modarres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001464","article-title":"Does Vitreopapillary Traction Cause Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy?","volume":"42","author":"Parsa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.0107276","article-title":"Risk of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) after cataract extraction in the fellow eye of patients with prior unilateral NAION","volume":"91","author":"Lam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A., Tejpal, T., Ahmed, I.I.K., and Sharma, R.A. (2023). Incidence of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy After Cataract Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Neuroophthalmol., 31.","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001888"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S29075","article-title":"Collaborative Anti-VEGF Ocular Vascular Complications Group. Insight into 144 patients with ocular vascular events during VEGF antagonist injections","volume":"6","author":"Mansour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00557","article-title":"Update on Perioperative Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Associated With Non-ophthalmic Surgery","volume":"9","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2016.08.007","article-title":"Erectile Dysfunction Agents and Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"35","author":"Pomeranz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"248","article-title":"Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors and Visual Side Effects: A Narrative Review","volume":"16","author":"Barroso","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.03.063","article-title":"Interferon alfa-associated anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"118","author":"Fraunfelder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, R., and Chacko, J. (2022). Clinical and Mechanistic Review of Amiodarone-Associated Optic Neuropathy. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12091298"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"1604","article-title":"The impact of combined oral contraceptives on ocular tissues: A review of ocular effects","volume":"10","author":"Moschos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"352","article-title":"The pathophysiology of Sumatriptan induced non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"66","author":"Corbu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rom. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2019.12.009","article-title":"Lyme disease presenting as an Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A case report","volume":"43","author":"Chhuy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"e16694","article-title":"Ocular Syphilis Presenting As Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"13","author":"Alqurashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"104","article-title":"Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy with Progressive Macular Ganglion Cell Atrophy due to COVID-19","volume":"46","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101684","article-title":"Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in COVID-19 infection\u2014A case report","volume":"27","author":"Sitaula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1159\/000366472","article-title":"Bilateral sequential non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy following repeat influenza vaccination","volume":"5","author":"Manasseh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, W.Y., Wang, J.J., and Lai, C.H. (2022). Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Following COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10060931"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06556-0","article-title":"Bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after COVID-vaccination","volume":"44","author":"Iodice","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104840","article-title":"Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0853-0","article-title":"Familial non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"246","author":"Hayreh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, A., Khairallah, M., Amor, H.H., Lahdhiri, M.H., Abroug, N., Messaoud, R., and Khairallah, M. (2022). Heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation manifesting with combined central retinal vein occlusion, cilioretinal artery occlusion, branch retinal artery occlusion, and anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy: A case report. BMC Ophthalmol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02278-1"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"213","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms associated with endothelial function in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"19","author":"Sakai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"S0181","article-title":"Combined central retinal artery occlusion and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy as presenting signs of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"7","author":"Saidane","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01639-2","article-title":"Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial Research Group. The fellow eye in NAION: Report from the ischemic optic neuropathy decompression trial follow-up study","volume":"134","author":"Newman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.05.027","article-title":"Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Natural history of visual outcome","volume":"115","author":"Hayreh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2020.1785509","article-title":"Very Poor Visual Acuity in Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"45","author":"Dattilo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02181182","article-title":"Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Classification of field defects by Octopus automated static perimetry","volume":"226","author":"Traustason","year":"1988","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1554","article-title":"Visual field abnormalities in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Their pattern and prevalence at initial examination","volume":"123","author":"Hayreh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0494-0","article-title":"Optic disc edema in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"245","author":"Hayreh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309250","article-title":"Progression of asymptomatic optic disc swelling to non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy","volume":"101","author":"Subramanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00602-3","article-title":"The prevalence of cupping in end-stage arteritic and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"108","author":"Savino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3334-1","article-title":"Pain in optic neuropathies","volume":"39","author":"Marzoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100823","article-title":"Color vision in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"19","author":"Pollock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y.Y., and He, M.S. (2019). Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy with Cilioretinal artery occlusion: A case report. BMC Ophthalmol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1243-6"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.58.12.981","article-title":"Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. III. Treatment, prophylaxis, and differential diagnosis","volume":"58","author":"Hayreh","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2018-002057","article-title":"The swollen optic nerve: An approach to diagnosis and management","volume":"19","author":"Margolin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3050","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Symptoms, Physical Signs, and Laboratory Tests for Giant Cell Arteritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"180","author":"Sandovici","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez672","article-title":"British Society for Rheumatology guideline on diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis","volume":"59","author":"Mackie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.06.001","article-title":"Critical review: Typical and atypical optic neuritis","volume":"64","author":"Abel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2017.1356856","article-title":"Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Post-contrast Enhancement in Differentiating Optic Neuritis and Non-arteritic Anterior Optic Neuropathy","volume":"42","author":"Adesina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080120052024","article-title":"Optic neuritis and ischemic optic neuropathy. Overlapping clinical profiles","volume":"109","author":"Rizzo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Related Optic Neuritis and Chiasmitis Mimicking Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"7","author":"Handzic","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.03.032","article-title":"Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Clinical characteristics in diabetic patients versus nondiabetic patients","volume":"115","author":"Hayreh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Ahmad, S.S., and Kanukollu, V.M. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, D.T., Ushida, M., Battistella, R., Dorairaj, S., and Prata, T.S. (2017). Neurophthalmological conditions mimicking glaucomatous optic neuropathy: Analysis of the most common causes of misdiagnosis. BMC Ophthalmol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0395-x"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eadie, B.D., Dyachok, O.M., Quach, J.H., Maxner, C.E., Rafuse, P.E., Shuba, L.M., Vianna, J.R., Chauhan, B.C., and Nicolela, M.T. (2023). Non-arteritic anterior ischemic and glaucomatous optic neuropathy: Implications for neuroretinal rim remodeling with disease severity. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286007"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100840","article-title":"A neuroglia-based interpretation of glaucomatous neuroretinal rim thinning in the optic nerve head","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.4.42","article-title":"Follow-Up of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy With Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography","volume":"62","author":"Augstburger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309245","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in acute non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy","volume":"101","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01148-X","article-title":"Use of magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate optic neuritis and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"109","author":"Rizzo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2000.078004407.x","article-title":"Comparative studies on pattern VECP between patients with ischemic optic neuropathy and optic neuritis","volume":"78","author":"Takasoh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-199406000-00002","article-title":"Natural history of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial Research Group (1995). Optic nerve decompression surgery for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is not effective and may be harmful. JAMA, 273, 625\u2013632.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.273.8.625"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(88)90881-1","article-title":"Progressive and recurrent nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"106","author":"Borchert","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.03.020","article-title":"Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial Research Group. Visual fields at follow-up in the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial: Evaluation of change in pattern defect and severity over time","volume":"115","author":"Scherer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"e29156","article-title":"Factors Associated With Visual Acuity in Non-arteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Patients: A Five-Year Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"14","author":"Kemchoknatee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5173","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S364051","article-title":"Vision-Related Quality of Life and Association Between Retinal Parameters in Patients with Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01192-8","article-title":"Ipsilateral recurrence of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"132","author":"Hayreh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001644","article-title":"Asymptomatic Fellow Eye Involvement in Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"43","author":"Donaldson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020825022","article-title":"Optic nerve decompression may improve the progressive form of nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"107","author":"Sergott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200310000-00015","article-title":"Transvitreal optic neurotomy for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"23","author":"Soheilian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0805-8","article-title":"Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Role of systemic corticosteroid therapy","volume":"246","author":"Hayreh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.146015","article-title":"Systemic corticosteroids in nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.03.032","article-title":"Steroids versus No Steroids in Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"125","author":"Saxena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17861","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017861","article-title":"Steroids in the treatment of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0332-4","article-title":"Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"245","author":"Jonas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70448-9","article-title":"The effect of aspirin on the visual outcome of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"121","author":"Botelho","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-199712000-00007","article-title":"Aspirin reduces the incidence of second eye NAION: A retrospective study","volume":"17","author":"Kupersmith","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.296","article-title":"Intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: A prospective trial","volume":"27","author":"Rootman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"776","article-title":"Non arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; does Anticoagulation help?","volume":"28","author":"Aftab","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.287","article-title":"LDL apheresis in the treatment of non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy: A 6-month follow-up study","volume":"23","author":"Guerriero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314656","article-title":"Controversies on neuroprotection therapy in non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy","volume":"104","author":"Hayreh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lantos, K., D\u00f6m\u00f6t\u00f6r, Z.R., Farkas, N., Kiss, S., Szak\u00e1cs, Z., Garami, A., Varga, G., Lujber, L., Kanaan, R., and Hegyi, P. (2022). Efficacy of Treatments in Nonarteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052718"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2022.0166","article-title":"Neuroprotective Strategies for Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Systematic Review","volume":"37","author":"Budihardja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Korean J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3191-z","article-title":"Levodopa as a possible treatment of visual loss in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"254","author":"Lyttle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.191627","article-title":"Intravitreal erythropoietin injection for the treatment of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy","volume":"95","author":"Modarres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-005-0102-8","article-title":"BRAION Study Group. Efficacy and tolerability of 0.2% brimonidine tartrate for the treatment of acute non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION): A 3-month, double-masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"244","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parisi, V., Barbano, L., Di Renzo, A., Coppola, G., and Ziccardi, L. (2019). Neuroenhancement and neuroprotection by oral solution citicoline in non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy as a model of neurodegeneration: A randomized pilot study. PLoS ONE, 14, Erratum in PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0221313.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221313"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000786","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Phase 2a Study of RPh201 in Previous Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"39","author":"Rath","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"167","article-title":"Bilateral non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy treated with HBO2 therapy: A case report of angiographic and electrodiagnostic findings","volume":"43","author":"Colasante","year":"2016","journal-title":"Undersea Hyperb. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06786-9","article-title":"Treatment of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy with an endothelin antagonist: Endothelion (endothelion antagonist receptor in Ischemic Optic Neuropathy)-A multicentre randomised controlled trial protocol","volume":"23","author":"Chiquet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.12.001","article-title":"Visual function in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Effect of Vision Restoration Therapy\u2014A pilot study","volume":"268","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.21037\/sci.2017.11.05","article-title":"Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study: Bone marrow derived stem cells in the treatment of non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION)","volume":"4","author":"Weiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Investig."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X15666200814121849","article-title":"A Promising Strategy for Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: Intravitreal Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosome","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000473","article-title":"Gene therapy in optic nerve disease","volume":"29","author":"DeBusk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/7\/4\/72\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:20:16Z","timestamp":1760131216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/7\/4\/72"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vision7040072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vision7040072","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5150","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]}}}