{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:35:41Z","timestamp":1792193741261,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 EY001792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY001792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Unrestricted Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unrestricted Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Astigmatism management is a frequently encountered challenge in the world of modern cataract surgery. This review article investigates the importance of astigmatic correction and seeks to uncover the critical components of preoperative evaluation. With the rapid growth of new technologies and techniques, this article aims to also catalogue and clarify the multitude of astigmatism treatment options available for the cataract surgeon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision8010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T03:35:48Z","timestamp":1709004948000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Astigmatism Management in Modern Cataract Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4698-9278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Royce B.","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad A.","family":"Aref","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The World Health Organization (WHO) (2023). Blindness and Vision Impairment, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2017.08.009","article-title":"Global and Regional Estimates of Prevalence of Refractive Errors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Hashemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Curr. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behboudi, H., Rajavi, Z., Sabbaghi, H., Katibeh, M., Kheiri, B., Yaseri, M., Moradian, S., Alizadeh, Y., Ahmadieh, H., and Pakbin, M. (2023). Prevalence of Refractive Errors in Population Aged 50 Years and over: The Gilan Eye Study. Eur. J. Ophthalmol., 11206721231184544.","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721231184544"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13234","article-title":"Changes in Ocular Astigmatism with Age: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"44","author":"Beesley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2018.06.020","article-title":"Sex-Related Differences in Corneal Astigmatism and Shape with Age","volume":"44","author":"Hayashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000114","article-title":"Longitudinal Increase in Anisometropia in Older Adults","volume":"91","author":"Schneck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20220609-01","article-title":"Predictors of Femtosecond Laser\u2013Assisted Arcuate Keratotomy Efficacy for Astigmatism Correction in Cataract Surgery","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001998","article-title":"Epidemiology and Burden of Astigmatism: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000879","article-title":"Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation vs. Femtosecond Laser\u2013Assisted Arcuate Keratotomy for Correction of Moderate Astigmatism in Cataract Surgery","volume":"48","author":"Hernandez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.1971","article-title":"Changes in Falling Risk Depending on Induced Axis Directions of Astigmatism on Static Posture","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04443-7","article-title":"Comparison of Refractive Outcomes Using Conventional Keratometry or Total Keratometry for IOL Power Calculation in Cataract Surgery","volume":"257","author":"Srivannaboon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.06.027","article-title":"Correcting Astigmatism with Toric Intraocular Lenses: Effect of Posterior Corneal Astigmatism","volume":"39","author":"Koch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-017-0483-9","article-title":"Distribution of the Anterior, Posterior, and Total Corneal Astigmatism in Healthy Eyes","volume":"38","author":"Feizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000390","article-title":"Anterior, Posterior, and Nonkeratometric Contributions to Refractive Astigmatism in Pseudophakes","volume":"47","author":"Kansara","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2018.06.048","article-title":"Effect of Astigmatism on Visual Acuity after Multifocal versus Monofocal Intraocular Lens Implantation","volume":"44","author":"Berdahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S325234","article-title":"Astigmatism Management with Astigmatism-Correcting Intraocular Lens Using Two Toric Calculators\u2014A Comparative Case Series","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.04.039","article-title":"A Comparison of the Accuracy of 6 Modern Toric Intraocular Lens Formulas","volume":"127","author":"Kane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000001178","article-title":"Comparison of the Barrett Toric Calculator Using Measured and Predicted Posterior Corneal Astigmatism and the Kane and Abulafia-Koch Calculators","volume":"49","author":"Reitblat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20210826-01","article-title":"Should Artificial Tears Be Used During the Preoperative Assessment of Toric IOLs Before Age-Related Cataract Surgery? The TORIDE Study","volume":"37","author":"Rochet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.04.035","article-title":"Scheimpflug Corneal Power Measurements for Intraocular Lens Power Calculation in Cataract Surgery","volume":"156","author":"Saad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langenbucher, A., Szentm\u00e1ry, N., Cayless, A., Wendelstein, J., and Hoffmann, P. (2023). Prediction of Corneal Power Vectors after Cataract Surgery with Toric Lens Implantation\u2013A Vector Analysis. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288316"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons (2022). 2022 ASCRS Clinical Survey, ASCRS."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05870-9","article-title":"Comparison of 2 Modern Swept-Source Optical Biometers-IOLMaster 700 and Anterion","volume":"261","author":"Langenbucher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20180706-01","article-title":"Comparing Total Keratometry Measurement on the IOLMaster 700 With Goggin Nomogram Adjusted Anterior Keratometry","volume":"34","author":"LaHood","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20220623-02","article-title":"Leftover Astigmatism: The Missing Link Between Measured and Calculated Posterior Corneal Astigmatism","volume":"38","author":"Goggin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02646-1","article-title":"The Predictive Accuracy of Barrett Toric Calculator Using Measured Posterior Corneal Astigmatism Derived from Swept Source\u2014OCT and Scheimpflug Camera","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S334108","article-title":"Correlation Between Keratometric and Refractive Astigmatism in Pseudophakes","volume":"15","author":"Athukorala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S378019","article-title":"Comparison of Astigmatism Prediction Accuracy for Toric Lens Implantation from Two Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Devices","volume":"16","author":"Melendez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-022-00320-3","article-title":"Comprehensive Comparisons of Ocular Biometry: A Network-Based Big Data Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sano, M., Hiraoka, T., Ueno, Y., Itagaki, H., Ogami, T., and Oshika, T. (2016). Influence of Posterior Corneal Astigmatism on Postoperative Refractive Astigmatism in Pseudophakic Eyes after Cataract Surgery. BMC Ophthalmol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0391-1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672119883594","article-title":"Total Corneal Refractive Power and Shape in Down Syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Asgari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000136","article-title":"Evaluation of Total Corneal Power Measurements with a New Optical Biometer","volume":"46","author":"Shajari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2022.2052108","article-title":"Surgically Induced Astigmatism after Cataract Surgery\u2014A Vector Analysis","volume":"47","author":"Langenbucher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.06.018","article-title":"Effect of Steepest-Meridian Clear Corneal Incision for Reducing Preexisting Corneal Astigmatism Using a Meridian-Marking Method or Surgeon\u2019s Intuition","volume":"40","author":"Hayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000671","article-title":"Comparison of Corneal Surgically Induced Astigmatism Calculations Based on Keratometry Measurements Made by 2 Biometric Devices","volume":"47","author":"Abulafia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2011.11.031","article-title":"Effects of Steep Meridian Incision on Corneal Astigmatism in Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery","volume":"38","author":"Rho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(00)00378-3","article-title":"Opposite Clear Corneal Incisions to Correct Pre-Existing Astigmatism in Cataract Surgery","volume":"26","author":"Lever","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"485","article-title":"Astigmatism Control","volume":"19","author":"Nichamin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20070501-14","article-title":"Limbal Relaxing Incisions to Correct Corneal Astigmatism During Phacoemulsification","volume":"23","author":"Carvalho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05728-0","article-title":"Cataract Surgery Astigmatism Incisional Management. Manual Relaxing Incision versus Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Arcuate Keratotomy. A Systematic Review","volume":"260","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.11.018","article-title":"One-Year Results of Arcuate Keratotomy in Patients With Low to Moderate Corneal Astigmatism Using a Low-Pulse-Energy Femtosecond Laser","volume":"224","author":"Schwarzenbacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, H.J., Lee, H., Lee, J.A., Kim, J.Y., and Tchah, H. (2021). Astigmatic Correction of Simultaneous Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery (FLACS) with Intrastromal Arcuate Keratotomy (ISAK) versus Toric Intraocular Lens Impantation with Conventional Phacoemulsification. BMC Ophthalmol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-02059-2"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20150820-01","article-title":"Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Arcuate Keratotomy Versus Toric IOL Implantation for Correcting Astigmatism","volume":"31","author":"Yoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"324","article-title":"Cataract Surgery in Eyes with Low Corneal Astigmatism: Implantation of the Acrysof IQ Toric SN6AT2 Intraocular Lens","volume":"9","author":"Aujla","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000001211","article-title":"Assessing the Astigmatism-Reducing Effect of Toric Intraocular Lenses in Eyes with Low Astigmatism: Randomized Masked Bilateral Comparison","volume":"49","author":"Hienert","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2018.09.019","article-title":"Trial-Based Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Toric versus Monofocal Intraocular Lenses in Cataract Patients with Bilateral Corneal Astigmatism in the Netherlands","volume":"45","author":"Simons","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.03.010","article-title":"Refractive Results after Implantation of a Light-Adjustable Intraocular Lens in Postrefractive Surgery Cataract Patients","volume":"120","author":"Brierley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2019.07.08","article-title":"Astigmatic Correction with Implantation of a Light Adjustable vs. Monofocal Lens: A Single Site Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"12","author":"Moshirfar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2017.11.002","article-title":"Toric Lens Implantation in Cataract Surgery: Automated versus Manual Horizontal Axis Marking, Analysis of 50 Cases","volume":"41","author":"Raucau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fr. D\u2019Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"108","article-title":"Comparison of Toric Intraocular Lens Alignment Using Image Guided System vs. Manual Marking Technique","volume":"5","author":"Kose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Beyoglu Eye J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20220331-01","article-title":"The Use of Intraoperative Aberrometry in Normal Eyes: An Analysis of Intraocular Lens Selection in Scenarios of Disagreement","volume":"38","author":"Greenwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2018.07.016","article-title":"A Large Retrospective Database Analysis Comparing Outcomes of Intraoperative Aberrometry with Conventional Preoperative Planning","volume":"44","author":"Cionni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000173","article-title":"Intraoperative Aberrometry vs. Modern Preoperative Formulas in Predicting Intraocular Lens Power","volume":"46","author":"Raufi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S205352","article-title":"Clinically Relevant Differences in the Selection of Toric Intraocular Lens Power in Normal Eyes: Preoperative Measurement vs. Intraoperative Aberrometry","volume":"13","author":"Davison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2016.09.017","article-title":"Residual Astigmatism after Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation: Analysis of Data from an Online Toric Intraocular Lens Back-Calculator","volume":"42","author":"Kramer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20200729-03","article-title":"Sources of Error in Toric Intraocular Lens Power Calculation","volume":"36","author":"Hirnschall","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.04.015","article-title":"Influence of Patient Age at Surgery on Long-Term Corneal Astigmatic Change Subsequent to Cataract Surgery","volume":"160","author":"Hayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.06.008","article-title":"Comparison of Long-Term Corneal Astigmatic Changes After Cataract Surgery in Eyes With Superior or Horizontal Clear Corneal Incisions","volume":"242","author":"Hayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000269","article-title":"Prevention and Management of Refractive Prediction Errors Following Cataract Surgery","volume":"46","author":"Kieval","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.07.004","article-title":"Incidence and Outcomes of Repositioning Surgery to Correct Misalignment of Toric Intraocular Lenses","volume":"125","author":"Oshika","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000748","article-title":"Real-World Incidence of Monofocal Toric Intraocular Lens Repositioning: Analysis of the American Academy of Ophthalmology IRIS Registry","volume":"48","author":"Kramer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.164616","article-title":"Use of the Light-Adjustable Lens to Correct Astigmatism after Cataract Surgery","volume":"94","author":"Chayet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20030701-07","article-title":"Laser in Situ Keratomileusis for Correction of Induced Astigmatism from Cataract Surgery","volume":"19","author":"Norouzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."}],"container-title":["Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/8\/1\/9\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:05:23Z","timestamp":1760105123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/8\/1\/9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vision8010009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vision8010009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5150","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]}}}