{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:42:55Z","timestamp":1785411775911,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To evaluate the immediate alterations in the thickness of the macular ganglion cell\u2013inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL), peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), inner retinal layer (IRL), and outer retinal layer (ORL) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) subsequent to strabismus surgery in pediatric patients diagnosed with horizontal esotropia. Methods: Twenty-eight eyes from twenty-one child patients who had undergone uncomplicated horizontal rectus muscle surgery due to strabismus were included. Measurements of RNFL, mGCL-IPL, IRL, and ORL using structural OCT were conducted both before the surgery and one month after the surgical procedure. Importantly, a control group comprising 14 healthy eyes, matched for age and significant refractive error (&lt;3.00 diopters), was included in the current analysis. Results: Our analysis indicated no significant disparity before and after surgery in terms of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), RNFL, IRL, and ORL. Conversely, concerning the macular ganglion cell layer\u2013inner plexiform layer analysis, a substantial increase in mGCL-IPL was observed following the surgical intervention. The mean mGCL-IPL measured 60.8 \u00b1 9.2 \u03bcm at baseline and 66.1 \u00b1 13.2 \u03bcm one month after the surgery (p = 0.026). Notably, comparison between the strabismus group at baseline and the healthy group revealed a significant reduction in mGCL-IPL in the strabismus group (60.8 \u00b1 9.2) compared to the healthy control group (68.3 \u00b1 7.2; p = 0.014). Conclusions: Following strabismus surgery, our observations pointed towards a thickening of the mGCL-IPL layer, which is likely attributable to transient local inflammation. Additionally, we identified a significant differentiation in the mGCL-IPL complex between the pediatric patient group with strabismus and the control group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision8020021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T11:13:02Z","timestamp":1713265982000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Short-Term Morpho-Functional Changes before and after Strabismus Surgery in Children Using Structural Optical Coherence Tomography: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0323-967X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Viggiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marida","family":"Gaudiomonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ugo","family":"Procoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Micelli Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2815-5031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCity of Health and Science\u201d Hospital, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8768-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Boscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"De Vitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Scalise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6193-3299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Albano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Alessio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Boscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_867_16","article-title":"What\u2019s New for Us in Strabismus?","volume":"65","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e055112","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055112","article-title":"Prevalence of Strabismus among Preschool Children in Eastern China and Comparison at a 5-Year Interval: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.04.034","article-title":"Prevalence of Amblyopia and Strabismus in White and African American Children Aged 6 through 71 Months. The Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study","volume":"116","author":"Friedman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93131-w","article-title":"Prevalence of Strabismus and Its Risk Factors among School Aged Children: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.03.001","article-title":"Prevalence of Amblyopia or Strabismus in Asian and Non-Hispanic White Preschool Children: Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study","volume":"120","author":"Cotter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000248","article-title":"The Benefits, Risks, and Efficacy of Strabismus Surgery in Adults","volume":"91","author":"Kushner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/2576117X.2018.1460972","article-title":"The Functional Benefits of Strabismus Surgery","volume":"68","author":"Kushner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Binocul. Vis. Ocul. Motil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19951101-05","article-title":"Won Ryul Lee 20th Annual Frank Costenbader Lecture--Adult Strabismus","volume":"32","author":"Scott","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20160113-07","article-title":"Macular Thickness Following Strabismus Surgery as Determined by Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"53","author":"Mintz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20151208-01","article-title":"Macular Changes Following Strabismus Surgery Confirmed by the Use of Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"53","author":"Nelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.136230","article-title":"Evaluation of Macular Thickness Change after Inferior Oblique Muscle Recession Surgery","volume":"62","author":"Unlu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2011.07.003","article-title":"Detection of Macular Changes by Optical Coherence Tomography after Inferior Oblique Muscle Surgery","volume":"15","author":"Kasem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20130319-02","article-title":"Macular and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Unilateral Anisometropic or Strabismic Amblyopia","volume":"50","author":"Andalib","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20121211-02","article-title":"Evaluation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Anisometropic and Strabismic Amblyopia Using Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"50","author":"Ersan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2013.779721","article-title":"The Morpho-Functional Evaluation of Retina in Amblyopia","volume":"38","author":"Tugcu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0975","article-title":"Optical Tomography-Measured Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Normal Latinos","volume":"44","author":"Varma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2017.1406526","article-title":"Analysis of Agreement of Retinal-Layer Thickness Measures Derived from the Segmentation of Horizontal and Vertical Spectralis OCT Macular Scans","volume":"43","author":"Antony","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.03.044","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Spectralis SD OCT Automated Macular Layers Segmentation to Discriminate Normal from Early Glaucomatous Eyes","volume":"124","author":"Pazos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901070103","article-title":"Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Infant Chimpanzees Reared in Darkness","volume":"107","author":"Chow","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90455-3","article-title":"Effect of Lid Suture on Retinal Ganglion Cells in Macaca Mulatta","volume":"122","author":"Crawford","year":"1977","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masri, O.S., Abiad, B., Darwich, M.J., Sarkis, P.A., El Mollayess, G.M., Nasser, Z., Fares, Y., Al Ahmar, E., and Estephan, E. (2021). Morphological Changes in Amblyopic Eyes in Choriocapillaris and Sattler\u2019s Layer in Comparison to Healthy Eyes, and in Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Comparison to Fellow Eyes through Quantification of Mean Reflectivity: A Pilot Study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255735"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90285-3","article-title":"Altered Structure and Composition of Retinal Cells in Darkreared Mammals","volume":"25","author":"Rasch","year":"1961","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(72)90116-1","article-title":"Effect of Visual Deprivation and Light on Synapses of the Inner Plexiform Layer","volume":"35","year":"1972","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1038\/1811047b0","article-title":"Sensory Deprivation and the Cat\u2019s Optic Nervous System","volume":"181","author":"Weiskrantz","year":"1958","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01624-w","article-title":"Macular Capillary System and Ganglion Cell-Layer Complex of the Amblyopic Eye with Optical Cohorence Tomography Angiography and Optical Cohorence Tomography","volume":"41","author":"Ozkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.003","article-title":"Critical Periods in the Visual System: Changing Views for a Model of Experience-Dependent Plasticity","volume":"56","author":"Hooks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4537","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16542","article-title":"In Vivo Foveal Development Using Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.192765","article-title":"Analysis of Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements in Amblyopia: A Pilot Study","volume":"95","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thicknesses of Macular Inner Retinal Layers in Children with Anisometropic Amblyopia","volume":"2020","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(02)00294-1","article-title":"Prostaglandins and Cystoid Macular Edema","volume":"47","author":"Miyake","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2021.1948075","article-title":"Influence of One or Two Horizontal Muscle Surgeries on OCT Findings","volume":"29","year":"2021","journal-title":"Strabismus"}],"container-title":["Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/8\/2\/21\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:28:27Z","timestamp":1760106507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/8\/2\/21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["vision8020021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vision8020021","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5150","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]}}}