{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:41:11Z","timestamp":1790347271527,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the clinical information revealed after cycloplegia and assess how age and non-cycloplegic refractive status influence the classification of types of refractive error, as well as the relationship between age and cycloplegia-induced changes in the power of refractive errors. We analysed the records of 472 non-population-based ophthalmology practice patients aged 3\u201328 years (mean \u00b1 SD: 9.1 \u00b1 4.6). Cycloplegia was induced with one drop of cyclopentolate 1% in each eye, and eye refraction was measured 30 \u00b1 5 min later using an objective autorefractometer. Cycloplegia induced a clinically significant (\u22650.50 D) hyperopic shift in the spherical equivalent of 60.2% of participants and a myopic shift in 1%, resulting in a 34.1% increase in the frequency of participants with hyperopia, while the frequency of those with myopia and emmetropia decreased by 5.5% and 23.3%, respectively. The average spherical equivalent difference (mean \u00b1 SD) induced by cycloplegia was 0.72 \u00b1 0.73 D, with the highest difference observed in the 3\u20135 years age group (1.18 \u00b1 0.85 D). The differences in astigmatism power (p = 0.84) and astigmatism axis (p = 0.97) between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic conditions were not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision8030051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T09:39:32Z","timestamp":1725010772000},"page":"51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Objective Refraction Status before and after Cycloplegia: From Childhood to Young Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1120-0783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karola","family":"Panke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megija","family":"Jorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Benjamin, W.J. 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Strabismus"}],"container-title":["Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/8\/3\/51\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:45:54Z","timestamp":1760111154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/8\/3\/51"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vision8030051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vision8030051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5150","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]}}}