{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:20:33Z","timestamp":1777393233723,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to assess the agreement between OptoTab SERIES, alternating Cover Test, Modified Thorington test, and Von Graefe method in measuring heterophoria and accommodative convergence over accommodation (AC\/A) ratio. In an initial step, heterophoria was assessed at both distance and near in a cohort of 76 healthy young volunteers using the previously described tests. Subsequently, to determine the AC\/A ratio, near-vision measurements were repeated with +1.00 D and \u22121.00 D lenses. All tests were performed in a randomized order across participants under consistent conditions. Significant differences were found between the Modified Thorington test and all other tests at distance (Wilcoxon test, all p \u2264 0.001) and between Von Graefe and all other tests at near (Wilcoxon test, all p \u2264 0.005). Regarding the AC\/A ratio, significant differences were observed between all methods in +1.00 D AC\/A ratio, except for the Modified Thorington test vs. the alternating Cover Test (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.024). In the \u22121.00 D AC\/A ratio, differences were observed between OptoTab POCKET and all the other tests (Wilcoxon test, all p \u2264 0.001). The results indicate that all methods are interchangeable except the Modified Thorington test at distance and Von Graefe at near. For the AC\/A ratio, only the Modified Thorington test is interchangeable with the alternating Cover Test using +1.00 D lenses and all are interchangeable using \u22121.00 D lenses except OptoTab POCKET.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision8040062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T06:46:52Z","timestamp":1729234012000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of Four Methods for Measuring Heterophoria and Accommodative Convergence over Accommodation Ratio"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8317-8039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noelia","family":"Nores-Palmas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Department (Optometry Area), Facultade de \u00d3ptica e Optometr\u00eda, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Noya-Padin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Department (Optometry Area), Facultade de \u00d3ptica e Optometr\u00eda, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Optometry Group, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4012-4636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Yebra-Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Department (Optometry Area), Facultade de \u00d3ptica e Optometr\u00eda, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Optometry Group, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9595-7486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jesus","family":"Giraldez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Department (Optometry Area), Facultade de \u00d3ptica e Optometr\u00eda, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Optometry Group, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5103-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Pena-Verdeal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Department (Optometry Area), Facultade de \u00d3ptica e Optometr\u00eda, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Optometry Group, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Scheiman, M., and Wick, B. 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