{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T03:35:36Z","timestamp":1768620936862,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the in vitro antifungal activity of a new commercial ocular spray containing Biosecur\u00ae citrus extract (Oftasecur\u00ae) against Candida auris and C. albicans and assessed its activity against preformed Candida biofilm on contact lenses and plastic lens cases. The C. auris isolate 12 (NCPF 8973) and the SC5314 C. albicans wild-type reference strain were used. Oftasecur\u00ae\u2019s effect on C. auris and C. albicans planktonic cells (1 \u00d7 106 cells\/mL) was tested in RPMI-1640 medium. The concentrations tested were 0.39%, 1.56%, 6.25%, 12.5%, and 25%. The living planktonic cell number was obtained using time-kill experiments. Antifungal activity against preformed C. auris and C. albicans biofilm on etafilcon A and senofilcon A contact lenses and plastic lens cases was also tested. A significant decrease was found in the living cell number of C. albicans after 8\u201348 h in the presence of Oftasecur\u00ae concentrations ranging from 6.25% to 25% (p &lt; 0.01\u20130.001). In the C. auris experiments, the cell number was significantly decreased after 8 h incubation in 25% Oftasecur\u00ae (p &lt; 0.05\u20130.001). Similarly, 12.5% Oftasecur\u00ae was effective against preformed C. auris and C. albicans biofilm on contact lenses and plastic lens cases. The results suggest that the in vitro antifungal activity of Oftasecur\u00ae against C. albicans and C. auris planktonic cells and preformed fungal biofilm on contact lenses and plastic cases is dependent on the concentrations used. Further research is warranted to establish whether Oftasecur\u00ae may play a role in the prevention of contact lens-related Candida keratitis and other ocular-surface Candida infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision9010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T04:00:28Z","timestamp":1738900828000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Vitro Activity of a New Ophthalmic Spray Containing Biosecur\u00ae Citrus Extract (Oftasecur\u00ae) Against Candida auris and Candida albicans and Preformed Biofilm on Contact Lenses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3052-2662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Pinna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7681-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew Gavino","family":"Donadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Pharmacy, Giovani Paolo II Hospital, ASL Gallura, 07026 Olbia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Dore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6341-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Sacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8768-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Boscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliz","family":"Boz\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3946-2424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e1t\u00f3","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12126","article-title":"Mycotic keratitis: Epidemiology, diagnosis and management","volume":"19","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12306","article-title":"Filamentous fungal infections of the cornea: A global overview of epidemiology and drug sensitivity","volume":"58","author":"Kredics","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318191695b","article-title":"Fungal keratitis: Changing pathogens and risk factors","volume":"28","author":"Jurkunas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002306","article-title":"Candida keratitis: Epidemiology, management, and clinical outcomes","volume":"39","author":"Qiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30126-2","article-title":"Contact lens-related fungal keratitis","volume":"20","author":"Cheung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2016.41","article-title":"Flavonoids: An overview","volume":"5","author":"Panche","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022","article-title":"Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods: A review","volume":"94","author":"Burt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03456.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids extracted from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel, a byproduct of the essential oil industry","volume":"103","author":"Mandalari","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801307010130","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Biosecur\u00ae citrus extract surface cleaner against Vibrio vulnificus","volume":"7","author":"Cormier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Microbiol. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-021-00384-9","article-title":"Efficacy of a new commercial ocular spray containing Oftasecur citrus extract for reducing microbial load in the conjunctiva of patients receiving intravitreal injections","volume":"10","author":"Vagge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00492-0","article-title":"Antiseptics and the ocular surface: In vitro antimicrobial activity and effects on conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells of a new liposomal ocular spray containing Biosecur\u00ae citrus extract","volume":"11","author":"Mencucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balla, N., Kov\u00e1cs, F., Bal\u00e1zs, B., Borman, A.M., Boz\u00f3, A., Jakab, \u00c1., T\u00f3th, Z., Kobaissi, O., Majoros, L., and Kov\u00e1cs, R. (2022). Synergistic interaction of caspofungin combined with posaconazole against FKS wild-type and mutant Candida auris planktonic cells and biofilms. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.08.31.506097"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myw147","article-title":"Isolates of the emerging pathogen Candida auris present in the UK have several geographic origins","volume":"55","author":"Borman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagy, F., Vit\u00e1lis, E., Jakab, \u00c1., Borman, A.M., Forg\u00e1cs, L., T\u00f3th, Z., Majoros, L., and Kov\u00e1cs, R. (2020). In vitro and in vivo effect of exogenous farnesol exposure against Candida auris. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00957"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00387-07","article-title":"Fusarium and Candida albicans biofilms on soft contact lenses: Model development, influence of lens type, and susceptibility to lens care solutions","volume":"52","author":"Imamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2437","article-title":"Microtiter dish biofilm formation assay","volume":"47","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.02.016","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcome of Candida keratitis","volume":"143","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.011","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological characteristics of fungal keratitis in the United States, 2001\u20132007, a multicenter study","volume":"118","author":"Keay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.05.021","article-title":"Altered patterns of fungal keratitis at a London ophthalmic referral hospital: An eight-year retrospective observational study","volume":"168","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2023.2203752","article-title":"Clinical features, risk factors, and management of Candida keratitis","volume":"32","author":"Masoumi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.04.009","article-title":"Trends and clinical outcomes of fungal keratitis in Canada: A 20-year Retrospective Multicentre Study","volume":"265","author":"Ling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30609-1","article-title":"Candida auris: A global fungal public health threat","volume":"18","author":"Meis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-020-00143-7","article-title":"Candida auris infection and biofilm formation: Going beyond the surface","volume":"7","author":"Horton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayeed, M.A., Farooqi, J., Jabeen, K., Awan, S., and Mahmood, S.F. (2019). Clinical spectrum and factors impacting outcome of Candida auris: A single center study from Pakistan. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3999-y"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91231-I","article-title":"Contact lenses and other risk factors in microbial keratitis","volume":"338","author":"Dart","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(86)90210-2","article-title":"Corneal ulcers associated with daily-wear and extended-wear contact lenses","volume":"102","author":"Mondino","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00723-0","article-title":"Bacillus cereus keratitis associated with contact lens wear","volume":"108","author":"Pinna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31815c5a3f","article-title":"Detection of virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from contact lens-associated corneal ulcers","volume":"27","author":"Pinna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00960-9","article-title":"The rapid emergence of antifungal-resistant human-pathogenic fungi","volume":"21","author":"Lockhart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14243","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial activity of a new ophthalmic solution containing povidone-iodine 0.6% (IODIM\u00ae)","volume":"98","author":"Pinna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(96)90066-8","article-title":"APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants. 1994, 1995, and 1996 APIC Guidelines Committee. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology","volume":"24","author":"Rutala","year":"1996","journal-title":"Inc. Am. J. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.11.028","article-title":"In vitro efficacy of a povidone-iodine 0.4% and dexamethasone 0.1% suspension against ocular pathogens","volume":"37","author":"Pelletier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-011-9458-y","article-title":"Comparison of antifungal activities of gentian violet and povidone-iodine against clinical isolates of Candida species and other yeasts: A framework to establish topical disinfectant activities","volume":"173","author":"Kondo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002375","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial activity of a new ophthalmic solution containing hexamidine diisethionate 0.05%","volume":"39","author":"Pinna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.8.2137-2142.1994","article-title":"Biofilms, the customized microniche","volume":"176","author":"Costerton","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181a81835","article-title":"Increased resistance of contact lens-related bacterial biofilms to antimicrobial activity of soft contact lens care solutions","volume":"28","author":"Imamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cornea"}],"container-title":["Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/9\/1\/12\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:28:26Z","timestamp":1760027306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/9\/1\/12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vision9010012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vision9010012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5150","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]}}}