{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:45:24Z","timestamp":1791557124349,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["RS-2024-00438689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00438689"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2024-00438689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00438689"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retina, a light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye, requires high levels of oxygen for its physiology. Retinal ischemia occurs due to inadequate supply of blood to the retina and choroid. Retinal ischemia is implicated in the development or progression of many ocular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To date, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment has been widely used to manage neovascular diseases associated with retinal ischemia. Nonetheless, a substantial number of patients with DR or AMD still suffer from incomplete response and adverse effects related to its therapy with limitations. Therefore, research scientists have been developing and finding novel treatments to protect against or prevent vision loss in those diseases. In this review article, we summarize the recent novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of ischemic retinopathy (e.g., cell therapy, advanced molecular targeting, or drug delivery). This summary enables further research to obtain more solid evidence of novel effective drug development in retinal ischemic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision9020035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T20:05:56Z","timestamp":1744920356000},"page":"35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5992-9039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deokho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyeop","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D., Tomita, Y., Miwa, Y., Kunimi, H., Nakai, A., Shoda, C., Negishi, K., and Kurihara, T. (2024). Recent Insights into Roles of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Retinal Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810140"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2003.12.001","article-title":"Retinal ischemia: Mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies","volume":"23","author":"Osborne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minhas, G., Morishita, R., and Anand, A. (2012). Preclinical models to investigate retinal ischemia: Advances and drawbacks. Front. Neurol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00075"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furman, B.L. (2015). Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Models in Mice and Rats. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol., 70.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471141755.ph0547s70"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2021.0128","article-title":"Structure-Function Relationships in the Rodent Streptozotocin-Induced Model for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review","volume":"38","author":"Lelyte","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogdanov, P., Corraliza, L., Villena, J.A., Carvalho, A.R., Garcia-Arum\u00ed, J., Ramos, D., Ruberte, J., Sim\u00f3, R., and Hern\u00e1ndez, C. (2014). The db\/db mouse: A useful model for the study of diabetic retinal neurodegeneration. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097302"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-023-00353-2","article-title":"Functional and structural changes in the neuroretina are accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction in a type 2 diabetic mouse model","volume":"10","author":"Lam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10959","article-title":"Retinal angiogenesis in the Ins2(Akita) mouse model of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"54","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.03.005","article-title":"Molecular analysis of blood-retinal barrier loss in the Akimba mouse, a model of advanced diabetic retinopathy","volume":"122","author":"Klaassen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106594","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/106594","article-title":"Animal models of diabetic retinopathy: Summary and comparison","volume":"2013","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.135","article-title":"Laser-induced choroidal neovascularization model to study age-related macular degeneration in mice","volume":"8","author":"Lambert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0870","article-title":"Expression of VLDLR in the retina and evolution of subretinal neovascularization in the knockout mouse model\u2019s retinal angiomatous proliferation","volume":"49","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellinen, L., Hagstr\u00f6m, M., Knuutila, H., Ruponen, M., Urtti, A., and Reinisalo, M. (2019). Characterization of artificially re-pigmented ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cell model. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50324-8"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayyad, Z., Sirohi, K., Radha, V., and Swarup, G. (2017). 661W is a retinal ganglion precursor-like cell line in which glaucoma-associated optineurin mutants induce cell death selectively. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17241-0"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souto, E.B., Campos, J.R., Da Ana, R., Martins-Gomes, C., Silva, A.M., Souto, S.B., Lucarini, M., Durazzo, A., and Santini, A. (2020). Ocular Cell Lines and Genotoxicity Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062046"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(96)06050-9","article-title":"Cultured retinal pericytes stimulate in vitro angiogenesis of endothelial cells through secretion of a fibroblast growth factor-like molecule","volume":"130","author":"Watanabe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2024.06.013","article-title":"The application of retinal organoids in ophthalmic regenerative medicine: A mini-review","volume":"26","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-00375-8","article-title":"Dynamic full-field optical coherence tomography: 3D live-imaging of retinal organoids","volume":"9","author":"Scholler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121666200428101738","article-title":"New Anti-VEGF Drugs in Ophthalmology","volume":"21","author":"Campa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctarc.2022.100620","article-title":"Reassessing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in anti-angiogenic cancer therapy","volume":"32","author":"Elebiyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12371","article-title":"Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies in ophthalmology: Current use, controversies and the future","volume":"78","author":"Kwong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, D.I., and Zachary, I. (2005). The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family: Angiogenic factors in health and disease. Genome Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2005-6-2-209"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-1366","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms and Future Implications of VEGF\/VEGFR in Cancer Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-021-00869-x","article-title":"Visual acuity outcomes of anti-VEGF treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in clinical trials","volume":"65","author":"Yamashiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02153-9","article-title":"15 years of anti-VEGF treatment for nAMD: Success or failure or something in between?","volume":"36","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1857","article-title":"Resistance to anti-VEGF therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: A comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3928\/15428877-20100924-01","article-title":"Development of subretinal fibrosis after anti-VEGF treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"42","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., and Zhang, J. (2022). Neovascular Remodeling and Subretinal Fibrosis as Biomarkers for Predicting Incomplete Response to Anti-VEGF Therapy in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front. Biosci., 27.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2704135"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomita, Y., Lee, D., Tsubota, K., Negishi, K., and Kurihara, T. (2021). Updates on the Current Treatments for Diabetic Retinopathy and Possibility of Future Oral Therapy. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204666"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2014.959198","article-title":"Side-effects and complications of laser treatment in diabetic retinal disease","volume":"29","author":"Deschler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvetat, M.L., Pellegrini, F., Spadea, L., Salati, C., Musa, M., Gagliano, C., and Zeppieri, M. (2024). The Treatment of Diabetic Retinal Edema with Intravitreal Steroids: How and When. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051327"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06134-w","article-title":"Refining vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"261","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.320","article-title":"Why do patients still require surgery for the late complications of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy?","volume":"24","author":"Scanlon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.0182","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Diabetic Retinopathy: The Old and the New","volume":"42","author":"Kusuhara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3218","DOI":"10.2174\/09298673113209990022","article-title":"Pericyte loss in diabetic retinopathy: Mechanisms and consequences","volume":"20","author":"Beltramo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15296","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15296","article-title":"Plastic roles of pericytes in the blood-retinal barrier","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.01.016","article-title":"The role of endothelial cell-pericyte interactions in vascularization and diseases","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.01.011","article-title":"Pericyte-endothelial crosstalk: Implications and opportunities for advanced cellular therapies","volume":"163","author":"Geevarghese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2005.10.019","article-title":"Pericytes and vascular stability","volume":"312","author":"Armulik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16106","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms16106","article-title":"Pericyte-expressed Tie2 controls angiogenesis and vessel maturation","volume":"8","author":"Teichert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2064541","article-title":"VEGF-targeting drugs for the treatment of retinal neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"54","author":"Arrigo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.2021-0004-IR","article-title":"HIF Inhibition Therapy in Ocular Diseases","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Keio J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-018-00500-8","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1\/CCL2) in diabetic retinopathy: Latest evidence and clinical considerations","volume":"13","author":"Taghavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.06.028","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and diabetic retinopathy: Review and meta-analysis","volume":"485","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, T., Shi, Y., Luo, S., Weng, J., Wu, Y., and Zheng, X. (2022). The role of inflammation in immune system of diabetic retinopathy: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenetic role and therapeutic implications. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1055087"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Huang, Q., Zhao, D., Lian, F., Li, X., and Qi, W. (2023). The impact of oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction on diabetic microvascular complications. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1112363"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, Q., and Yang, C. (2020). Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenetic role and therapeutic implications. Redox Biol., 37.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101799"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albert-Garay, J.S., Riesgo-Escovar, J.R., and Salceda, R. (2022). High glucose concentrations induce oxidative stress by inhibiting Nrf2 expression in rat M\u00fcller retinal cells in vitro. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05284-x"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, J., Tan, B., Wong, D., Abdul Gani, N.F.B., Hu, Q., Liu, X., and Chua, J. (2024). Evaluation of thickness of individual macular retinal layers in diabetic eyes from optical coherence tomography. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68552-y"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316468","article-title":"Quantification of vascular and neuronal changes in the peripapillary retinal area secondary to diabetic retinopathy","volume":"105","author":"Frizziero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-4-13","article-title":"Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study: Baseline characteristics and short-term effects of fenofibrate [ISRCTN64783481]","volume":"4","author":"Scott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.62","article-title":"Medical management of diabetic retinopathy: Fenofibrate and ACCORD Eye studies","volume":"25","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S361613","article-title":"Association Between Increased Lipid Profiles and Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy in a Population-Based Case-Control Study","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02144-w","article-title":"Circulating level of homocysteine contributes to diabetic retinopathy associated with dysregulated lipid profile and impaired kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100017","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.TR120000981","article-title":"Lipid metabolism dysregulation in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"62","author":"Busik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D., Tomita, Y., Allen, W., Tsubota, K., Negishi, K., and Kurihara, T. (2021). PPAR\u03b1 Modulation-Based Therapy in Central Nervous System Diseases. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11111168"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15401","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307211110","article-title":"Pathogenic role of diabetes-induced PPAR-\u03b1 down-regulation in microvascular dysfunction","volume":"110","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.06.021","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1 protects capillary pericytes in the retina","volume":"184","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, T., Dong, L., Pearsall, E.A., Zhou, K., Cheng, R., and Ma, J.X. (2022). The Protective Role of Microglial PPAR\u03b1 in Diabetic Retinal Neurodegeneration and Neurovascular Dysfunction. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233869"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0654","article-title":"Regulation of Monocyte Activation by PPAR\u03b1 Through Interaction With the cGAS-STING Pathway","volume":"72","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"391","article-title":"Therapeutic roles of PPAR\u03b1 activation in ocular ischemic diseases","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomita, Y., Lee, D., Tsubota, K., and Kurihara, T. (2020). PPAR\u03b1 Agonist Oral Therapy in Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8100433"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Liang, W., Zhou, K., Wassel, R.A., Ridge, Z.D., Ma, J.X., and Wang, B. (2021). Therapeutic Effects of Fenofibrate Nano-Emulsion Eye Drops on Retinal Vascular Leakage and Neovascularization. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10121328"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanaguri, J., Nagai, N., Yokota, H., Kushiyama, A., Watanabe, M., Yamagami, S., and Nagaoka, T. (2022). Fenofibrate Nano-Eyedrops Ameliorate Retinal Blood Flow Dysregulation and Neurovascular Coupling in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020384"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EVIDoa2400179","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2400179","article-title":"Effect of Fenofibrate on Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"3","author":"Preiss","year":"2024","journal-title":"NEJM Evid."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.44412","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Pemafibrate Versus Fenofibrate in Patients with High Triglyceride and Low HDL Cholesterol Levels: A Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial","volume":"25","author":"Arai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-023-00593-6","article-title":"Efficacy of Pemafibrate Versus Fenofibrate Administration on Serum Lipid Levels in Patients with Dyslipidemia: Network Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"23","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666191126102943","article-title":"Pemafibrate Tends to have Better Efficacy in Treating Dyslipidemia than Fenofibrate","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.360319","article-title":"Pemafibrate, a potent selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1 modulator, a promising novel treatment for ischemic retinopathy?","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murakami, K., Sasaki, Y., Asahiyama, M., Yano, W., Takizawa, T., Kamiya, W., Matsumura, Y., Anai, M., Osawa, T., and Fruchart, J.C. (2022). Selective PPAR\u03b1 Modulator Pemafibrate and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Tofogliflozin Combination Treatment Improved Histopathology in Experimental Mice Model of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040720"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.01.086","article-title":"Effects of a novel selective PPAR\u03b1 modulator, statin, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and combinatorial therapy on the liver and vasculature of medaka nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model","volume":"596","author":"Kimura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00836-y","article-title":"Applications of SGLT2 inhibitors beyond glycaemic control","volume":"20","author":"Lam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05773-8","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials balancing their risks and benefits","volume":"65","author":"Marilly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.127449","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome and retinal microvascular signs in a Japanese population: The Funagata study","volume":"92","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0069","article-title":"Associations between the metabolic syndrome and retinal microvascular signs: The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study","volume":"45","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-013-2325-4","article-title":"Retinal blood flow velocity in metabolic syndrome","volume":"251","author":"Gutfreund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, T., Chae, S.Y., Lee, J., Han, J.W., Yang, H., Chung, B.S., and Yang, K. (2025). Multivitamin supplementation and its impact in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92858-0"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tardy, A.L., Pouteau, E., Marquez, D., Yilmaz, C., and Scholey, A. (2020). Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010228"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, Y.J., Kwon, J.W., and Jee, D. (2024). The relationship between blood vitamin A levels and diabetic retinopathy: A population-based study. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49937-x"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01664-z","article-title":"Association of Serum Zinc and Vitamin A Levels with Severity of Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"192","author":"Rostamkhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01513-2","article-title":"Blood thiamine pyrophosphate concentration and its correlation with the stage of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"40","author":"Cinici","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-02014-4","article-title":"Vitamin B6 intake and incidence of diabetic retinopathy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Analysis of data from the Japan Diabetes Complications Study (JDCS)","volume":"59","author":"Horikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, J., Chen, J., and Chen, Y. (2024). Mediation of endothelial activation and stress index in the association between vitamin B6 turnover rate and diabetic retinopathy: An analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1490340"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2023.2300298","article-title":"Association of vitamin B6 intake with the risk and prognosis of diabetic retinopathy: A NHANES-based study","volume":"107","author":"Ruan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruamviboonsuk, V., and Grzybowski, A. (2022). The Roles of Vitamins in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216490"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.019","article-title":"Ascorbic acid repletion: A possible therapy for diabetic macular edema?","volume":"94","author":"May","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09575-4","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in diabetic retinopathy: Pathophysiological and clinical aspects","volume":"22","author":"Tecilazich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20503121221095324","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221095324","article-title":"The effects of vitamin E on non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Are they sustainable with 12\u2009months of therapy","volume":"10","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"311","article-title":"Effect of vitamin B12 supplementation on retinal lesions in diabetic rats","volume":"26","author":"Reddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)02587-8","article-title":"Vitamin B6 protects primate retinal neurons from ischemic injury","volume":"940","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2011.03.015","article-title":"Rescuing hepatocytes from iron-catalyzed oxidative stress using vitamins B1 and B6","volume":"25","author":"Mehta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581815581423","article-title":"Stem Cell Research","volume":"34","author":"Trounson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22796","article-title":"A new age of regenerative medicine: Fusion of tissue engineering and stem cell research","volume":"297","author":"Okano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2024.02.020","article-title":"Clinical-grade human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate diabetic retinopathy in db\/db mice","volume":"26","author":"Rong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-3930","article-title":"Analysis of the retinal capillary plexus layers in a murine model with diabetic retinopathy: Effect of intravitreal injection of human CD34+ bone marrow stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S21161","article-title":"Potential role of intravitreal human placental stem cell implants in inhibiting progression of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: Neuroprotective growth factors in the vitreous","volume":"5","author":"Scalinci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt171","article-title":"Large animal models for stem cell therapy","volume":"4","author":"Harding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.69","article-title":"Oxygen homeostasis","volume":"2","author":"Semenza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev. Syst. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16005","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2016.5","article-title":"Neuroretinal hypoxic signaling in a new preclinical murine model for proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"1","author":"Wert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181d6df09","article-title":"A comparison of hypoxia-inducible factor-\u03b1 in surgically excised neovascular membranes of patients with diabetes compared with idiopathic epiretinal membranes in nondiabetic patients","volume":"30","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.04.015","article-title":"Functional analysis of miR-21-3p, miR-30b-5p and miR-150-5p shuttled by extracellular vesicles from diabetic subjects reveals their association with diabetic retinopathy","volume":"184","author":"Mazzeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI19478","article-title":"Increased ocular levels of IGF-1 in transgenic mice lead to diabetes-like eye disease","volume":"113","author":"Ruberte","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"281","article-title":"Transgenic mice with increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the retina: A new model of intraretinal and subretinal neovascularization","volume":"151","author":"Okamoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.009597","article-title":"Update on animal models of diabetic retinopathy: From molecular approaches to mice and higher mammals","volume":"5","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"101","article-title":"Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.03.008","article-title":"Pharmacological HIF inhibition prevents retinal neovascularization with improved visual function in a murine oxygen-induced retinopathy model","volume":"128","author":"Miwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Modrzejewska, M., Zdanowska, O., and Po\u0142ubi\u0144ski, P. (2024). The Role of HIF-1\u03b1 in Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Review of Current Literature. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144034"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28297","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2017234117","article-title":"An allosteric peptide inhibitor of HIF-1\u03b1 regulates hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization","volume":"117","author":"Aguilar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D., Miwa, Y., Wu, J., Shoda, C., Jeong, H., Kawagishi, H., Tsubota, K., and Kurihara, T. (2020). A Fairy Chemical Suppresses Retinal Angiogenesis as a HIF Inhibitor. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10101405"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-145664","article-title":"Digoxin inhibits retinal ischemia-induced HIF-1alpha expression and ocular neovascularization","volume":"24","author":"Yoshida","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-016-1498-9","article-title":"The HIF-1 antagonist acriflavine: Visualization in retina and suppression of ocular neovascularization","volume":"95","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Sharma, D., Dinabandhu, A., Sanchez, J., Applewhite, B., Jee, K., Deshpande, M., Flores-Bellver, M., Hu, M.W., and Guo, C. (2023). Targeting hypoxia-inducible factors with 32-134D safely and effectively treats diabetic eye disease in mice. J. Clin. Investig., 133.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163290"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shinojima, A., Lee, D., Tsubota, K., Negishi, K., and Kurihara, T. (2021). Retinal Diseases Regulated by Hypoxia-Basic and Clinical Perspectives: A Comprehensive Review. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235496"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.314","article-title":"Healthy lifestyles related to subsequent prevalence of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"129","author":"Mares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12675","article-title":"Risk factors for progression of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"40","author":"Heesterbeek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00265-2","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Zhou, J., and Li, D. (2021). Functions and Diseases of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.727870"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2023.08.011","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium: Functions and roles in ocular diseases","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fundam. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02088-0","article-title":"Cellular senescence in the aging retina and developments of senotherapies for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.07.014","article-title":"Oral Antioxidant and Lutein\/Zeaxanthin Supplements Slow Geographic Atrophy Progression to the Fovea in Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"132","author":"Keenan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L.H., Lee, J.C., Leung, H.H., Lam, W.C., Fu, Z., and Lo, A.C.Y. (2020). Lutein Supplementation for Eye Diseases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061721"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2008.07.006","article-title":"Xanthophyll (lutein, zeaxanthin) content in fruits, vegetables and corn and egg products","volume":"22","author":"Perry","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tudor, C., and Pintea, A. (2020). A Brief Overview of Dietary Zeaxanthin Occurrence and Bioaccessibility. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184067"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3690140","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3690140","article-title":"Zeaxanthin: Review of Toxicological Data and Acceptable Daily Intake","volume":"2016","author":"Edwards","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108680","article-title":"Lutein and zeaxanthin reduce A2E and iso-A2E levels and improve visual performance in Abca4\u2212\/\u2212\/Bco2\u2212\/\u2212 double knockout mice","volume":"209","author":"Arunkumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamoshita, M., Toda, E., Osada, H., Narimatsu, T., Kobayashi, S., Tsubota, K., and Ozawa, Y. (2016). Lutein acts via multiple antioxidant pathways in the photo-stressed retina. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30226"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parmar, U.P.S., Surico, P.L., Mori, T., Singh, R.B., Cutrupi, F., Premkishore, P., Gallo Afflitto, G., Di Zazzo, A., Coassin, M., and Romano, F. (2025). Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Lights and Shadows. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14020152"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.09.025","article-title":"Fenofibrate Inhibits Cytochrome P450 Epoxygenase 2C Activity to Suppress Pathological Ocular Angiogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.05.030","article-title":"Impact of fenofibrate on choroidal neovascularization formation and VEGF-C plus VEGFR-3 in Brown Norway rats","volume":"174","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Jiang, N., Zhang, Y., Ye, S., Liang, X., Wang, X., Lin, X., Zong, R., Chen, H., and Liu, Z. (2020). Fenofibrate Inhibits Subretinal Fibrosis Through Suppressing TGF-\u03b2-Smad2\/3 signaling and Wnt signaling in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.580884"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-021-03514-8","article-title":"Subretinal fibrosis in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Current concepts, therapeutic avenues, and future perspectives","volume":"387","author":"Tenbrock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14611","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14611","article-title":"Pemafibrate prevents choroidal neovascularization in a mouse model of neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.01.014","article-title":"FGF21 Administration Suppresses Retinal and Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice","volume":"18","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.02.005","article-title":"FGF21 counteracts alcohol intoxication by activating the noradrenergic nervous system","volume":"35","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, K., Xu, P., Wang, M., Chunyu, J., Sun, X., Ren, G., Xiao, W., and Li, D. (2020). FGF21 attenuates neurodegeneration through modulating neuroinflammation and oxidant-stress. Biomed. Pharmacother., 129.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110439"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zheng, H., Ni, Z., Shen, Y., Wang, D., Li, W., Zhao, L., Li, C., and Gao, H. (2024). Fibroblast growth factor 21 alleviates diabetes-induced cognitive decline. Cereb. Cortex., 34.","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad502"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05239-y","article-title":"FGF21 attenuates neuroinflammation following subarachnoid hemorrhage through promoting mitophagy and inhibiting the cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01921-2","article-title":"FGF21 alleviates neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke by modulating the temporal and spatial dynamics of microglia\/macrophages","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00755-x","article-title":"FGF21 alleviates endothelial mitochondrial damage and prevents BBB from disruption after intracranial hemorrhage through a mechanism involving SIRT6","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1608368","article-title":"Autologous Induced Stem-Cell-Derived Retinal Cells for Macular Degeneration","volume":"376","author":"Mandai","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maeda, T., Sugita, S., Kurimoto, Y., and Takahashi, M. (2021). Trends of Stem Cell Therapies in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081785"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23792","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202400540RRR","article-title":"Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factors suppresses subretinal fibrosis","volume":"38","author":"Shoda","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2322759121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2322759121","article-title":"VEGF inhibition increases expression of HIF-regulated angiogenic genes by the RPE limiting the response of wet AMD eyes to aflibercept","volume":"121","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2302845120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2302845120","article-title":"Pathologic vs. protective roles of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in RPE and photoreceptors in wet vs. dry age-related macular degeneration","volume":"120","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn9257","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn9257","article-title":"Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging","volume":"380","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gawryluk, A., Cybulska-Klosowicz, A., Charzynska, A., Zakrzewska, R., Sobolewska, A., Kossut, M., and Liguz-Lecznar, M. (2024). Mitigation of aging-related plasticity decline through taurine supplementation and environmental enrichment. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70261-5"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibuki, M., Shoda, C., Miwa, Y., Ishida, A., Tsubota, K., and Kurihara, T. (2019). Therapeutic Effect of Garcinia cambogia Extract and Hydroxycitric Acid Inhibiting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in a Murine Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205049"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibuki, M., Lee, D., Shinojima, A., Miwa, Y., Tsubota, K., and Kurihara, T. (2020). Rice Bran and Vitamin B6 Suppress Pathological Neovascularization in a Murine Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration as Novel HIF Inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238940"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibuki, M., Shoda, C., Miwa, Y., Ishida, A., Tsubota, K., and Kurihara, T. (2020). Lactoferrin Has a Therapeutic Effect via HIF Inhibition in a Murine Model of Choroidal Neovascularization. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00174"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.10.008","article-title":"Sustained delivery of a HIF-1 antagonist for ocular neovascularization","volume":"172","author":"Iwase","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hackett, S.F., Fu, J., Kim, Y.C., Tsujinaka, H., Shen, J., Lima, E.S.R., Khan, M., Hafiz, Z., Wang, T., and Shin, M. (2020). Sustained delivery of acriflavine from the suprachoroidal space provides long term suppression of choroidal neovascularization. Biomaterials, 243.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.119935"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0094-7","article-title":"Hif1a inactivation rescues photoreceptor degeneration induced by a chronic hypoxia-like stress","volume":"25","author":"Barben","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.12.008","article-title":"Hypoxic preconditioning protects photoreceptors against light damage independently of hypoxia inducible transcription factors in rods","volume":"146","author":"Kast","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06781.x","article-title":"Retinal neuroprotection by hypoxic preconditioning is independent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha expression in photoreceptors","volume":"29","author":"Thiersch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiersch, M., Raffelsberger, W., Frigg, R., Samardzija, M., Wenzel, A., Poch, O., and Grimm, C. (2008). Analysis of the retinal gene expression profile after hypoxic preconditioning identifies candidate genes for neuroprotection. BMC Genom., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-73"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02610-z","article-title":"Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and their role in treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular oedema","volume":"37","author":"Chandra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"}],"container-title":["Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/9\/2\/35\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:16:32Z","timestamp":1760030192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5150\/9\/2\/35"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["vision9020035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vision9020035","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5150","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]}}}