{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:36:52Z","timestamp":1760060212377,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FAPESP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2009\/53129-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009\/53129-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To evaluate color discrimination in schoolchildren with low birth weight (LBW) and those born full-term and at a weight appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Methods: LBW children aged 5\u201311 years and school-, grade-, sex-, and age-matched full-term (birth weight \u2265 2500 g) AGA controls from 14 randomly selected schools from a low-income region were tested. Examinations included visual acuity, ocular motility, and color vision testing using the Farnsworth D-15 test. Color score and interocular color score difference (ICD) were compared between the groups. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze associations between color vision deficit and group, adjusting for age, sex, visual acuity, strabismus, and amblyopia. Results: A total of 291 LBW children (age = 8.5 \u00b1 1.3 yrs; 55.7% females) and 265 AGA children (age = 8.5 \u00b1 1.4 yrs; 56.2% females) were examined. Dyschromatopsia was detected in 10.3% of LBW and 7.9% of AGA children, primarily involving tritan and non-specific defects. Color scores were comparable between the groups, and color deficit was significantly associated with younger age and worse visual acuity. The ICD was statistically larger (p = 0.004) in the LBW group, in which the frequencies of strabismus and amblyopia were also higher. Conclusions: Most LBW children demonstrated normal color discrimination, but their interocular color score difference was larger than that of AGA children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision9030070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1755016236000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Color Vision in Schoolchildren with Low Birth Weight and Those Born Full-Term with Appropriate Weight for Gestational Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9224-857X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Yuri","family":"Sacai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ci\u00eancias Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014Unifesp, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023-062, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Cec\u00edlia Saccomani","family":"Lapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ci\u00eancias Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014Unifesp, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023-062, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosana Fiorini","family":"Puccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Pediatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014Unifesp, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023-062, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7568-6199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00edvea Nunes","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ci\u00eancias Visuais, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014Unifesp, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023-062, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). 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