{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:12:27Z","timestamp":1791573147951,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vision"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluates the ability of the QuickSee Free (QSF) portable autorefractor (PlenOptika) to detect and measure refractive error compared to subjective clinical refractometry (SCR) in a Brazilian adult population in a low-resource setting in Amazonas. A total of 100 participants aged 18\u201365 years underwent visual acuity screening and autorefraction with and without cycloplegia using the QSF, alongside a complete ophthalmic examination including SCR. Refractive error measurements included spherical component (SC), cylindrical component (CC), cylindrical axis (CA), spherical equivalent (SE), and vector powers (MV90 and MV135). Accuracy was assessed for hyperopia \u2265 +2.00 D, myopia \u2264 \u22120.75 D, astigmatism \u2265 1.00 DC, and anisometropia \u2265 1.00 D using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The area under the curve for detecting significant refractive errors ranged from 0.538 to 0.930. The mean difference between QSF without cycloplegia and SCR was \u22121.08 \u00b1 1.17 D for SC and \u22121.15 \u00b1 1.15 D for SE (p &lt; 0.0001), and with cycloplegia, it was \u22120.81 \u00b1 1.07 D and \u22120.83 \u00b1 1.02 D, respectively. The QSF exhibited a moderate negative bias for both SC and SE with and without cycloplegia, underestimating these values, but it showed good predictability for detecting refractive errors in a low-resource setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vision9040094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T09:02:03Z","timestamp":1762419723000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical Evaluation of an Affordable Handheld Wavefront Autorefractor in an Adult Population in a Low-Resource Setting in the Amazonas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7815-6580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Tayah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9610-5768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Noguera","family":"Louzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-220, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1840-2953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Lucas Machado","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Education, Angra dos Reis 23914-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7814-5889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef","family":"Tayah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus 69058-030, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7948-154X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dillan Cunha","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chow Wang Ming","family":"Shato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0142-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Oliveira","family":"Dantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, SE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milton Ruiz","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-220, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2019). 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