{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T02:45:12Z","timestamp":1775097912879,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As urban development requires groundwater table isolation of various historically polluted sources, the necessity of building effective, strong, flexible, and low-permeability cutoff walls raises the question of choosing optimum construction materials. Various authors have proposed water\u2013cement\u2013bentonite mixtures, which are often chosen by experience or a trial-and-error approach, using classical methods for testing (Marsh funnel) and representation of results (water\u2013cement ratio, water\u2013bentonite ratio). The paper proposes a more precise approach for assessing the viscosity and global representation of the three components. Moreover, this approached is exemplified with a better documented recipe for the choice of materials based on laboratory results. The representation of the mixtures was undertaken on a limited domain of a ternary diagram, where the components are given in terms of mass percentage. The derived properties (viscosity, permeability, and compressive strength) are presented on a grid corresponding to the physically possible mixtures. Based on this representation, the most efficient recipes are chosen. Because the mixture contains only fine aggregates, the viscosity was determined using a laboratory viscosimeter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w14030376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T04:49:51Z","timestamp":1643258991000},"page":"376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Water\/Cement\/Bentonite Ratio Selection Method for Artificial Groundwater Barriers Made of Cutoff Walls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9384-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian-\u0218tefan","family":"Barbu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, 020396 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8981-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei-Dan","family":"Sab\u0103u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, 020396 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel-Marcel","family":"Manoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, 020396 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manole-Stelian","family":"\u0218erbulea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, 020396 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119248","article-title":"Plastic concrete for cut-off walls: A review","volume":"255","author":"Shepherd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-019-0835-2","article-title":"Effect of Dry and Saturated Bentonite on Plastic Concrete","volume":"23","author":"Fadaie","year":"2019","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"04018355","article-title":"Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Behavior of Plastic Concrete in Cutoff Walls","volume":"31","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (2014). Design Standards No.13: Embankment Dam, Chapter 16: Cutoff Walls."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1139\/T09-103","article-title":"Mechanical and hydraulic characterization of plastic concrete for seepage cut-off walls","volume":"47","author":"Hinchberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2007.01.024","article-title":"Reduction in the permeability of plastic concrete for cut-off walls through utilization of silica fume","volume":"22","author":"Bagheri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.15388\/Informatica.2008.215","article-title":"A new logarithmic normalization method in games theory","volume":"19","author":"EZavadkas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2015). Execution of Special Geotechnical Work\u2014Diaphragm Walls (Standard No. CEN, EN 1538+A1:2015)."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banfill, P.F. (1991). Rheology of Fresh Cement and Concrete. Mater. Sci., 61\u2013130.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203473290"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.09.011","article-title":"Experimental study of the mechanical behavior of plastic concrete in triaxial compression","volume":"35","author":"Mahboubi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.19026\/rjaset.5.4867","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Plastic Concrete Containing Bentonite","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.04.140","article-title":"To Investigation of Plastic Concrete Bentonite Changes on it\u2019s Physical Properties","volume":"145","author":"Kazemian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/14\/3\/376\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:08:27Z","timestamp":1760134107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/14\/3\/376"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["w14030376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w14030376","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]}}}