{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T13:33:14Z","timestamp":1770298394001,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005802","name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitisation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2019-0577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2019-0577"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shelter and evacuation-route planning represents the core of safe and efficient flood management. The methodology detailed in the present study includes an analysis of the suitability of areas for evacuation points, as well as an assessment of the degree of accessibility of those points during evacuation scenarios in small mountainous drainage basins. The analysis is based on water distribution and water-flow increase during the historic 2010 flooding of the Sucevi\u021ba basin, when the discharge increased in merely 40 min. The proposed model considers the viability of pedestrian evacuation of the local population, as well as the degree of accessibility of nearby evacuation points. Thus, according to the results obtained for the mountain-based locality, 91.68% of the vulnerable population can be evacuated in 30 min, while 8.32% of the inhabitants require up to 54 min to reach an evacuation point. In the case of Marginea, located in a plateau area, the population under analysis can reach one of the evacuation points in approximately 36 min. The present study can support the implementation of non-structural flood management measures and decrease casualties through evacuation optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w14193074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T01:43:01Z","timestamp":1664502181000},"page":"3074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A GIS-Based Model for Flood Shelter Locations and Pedestrian Evacuation Scenarios in a Rural Mountain Catchment in Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4468-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana-Elena","family":"Chelariu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corneliu","family":"Ia\u021bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4866-6421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionu\u021b","family":"Minea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2020.104080","article-title":"The effects of natural disasters on international tourism: A global analysis","volume":"79","author":"Becken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102048","article-title":"Location problems for shelter-in-place deployment: A case study of vertical evacuation upon dam-break floods","volume":"57","author":"Hsiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-10-1697-2010","article-title":"Review article \u201cAssessment of economic flood damange\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Merz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-020-04267-3","article-title":"Flood vulnerability and its influencing factors","volume":"103","author":"Pathak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-14-1441-2014","article-title":"Assessment of the effectiveness of flood adaptation strategies for HCMC","volume":"14","author":"Lasage","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1151915","article-title":"Stationarity is dead: Whither water management?","volume":"319","author":"Milly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conitz, F., Zingraff-Hamed, A., Lupp, G., and Pauleit, S. (2021). Non-Structural Flood Management in European Rural Mountain Areas\u2014Are Scientists Supporting Implementation?. Hydrology, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology8040167"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104924","article-title":"Implementation of the European Union Floods Directive\u2014Requirements and national transposition and practical application: Lithuanian case-study","volume":"100","author":"Kalinauskas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Hapciuc, O.E., Minea, I., Romanescu, G., and Toma\u0219ciuc, A.I. (2015, January 18\u201324). Flash flood risk management for small basins in the mountain-plateau transition zone. Case study for Sucevi\u021ba catchement (Romania). Proceedings of the 2015 SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconferences, Albena, Bulgaria."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4467","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-016-1491-7","article-title":"Recurrent governance challenges in the implementation and alignment of flood risk management strategies: A review","volume":"30","author":"Dieperink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.18509\/GBP.2016.24","article-title":"Identification of the potential risk areas regarding the floods occurrence within small mountain catchments","volume":"1","author":"Hapciuc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Conf. Geobalcanica"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.008","article-title":"Flood risk modelling of the Slatvinec stream in Kru\u017elov village, Slovakia","volume":"212","author":"Fijko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.102016","article-title":"Shelter locations in evacuation: A Multiple Criteria Evaluation combined with flood risk and traffic microsimulation modeling","volume":"53","author":"Alam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-017-3152-4","article-title":"A GIS-based analysis of constraints on pedestrian tsunami evacuation routes: Cascais case study (Portugal)","volume":"93","author":"Trindade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1080\/17477891.2020.1840327","article-title":"A hierarchical flood shelter location model for walking evacuation planning","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sritart, H., Miyazaki, H., Kanbara, S., and Hara, T. (2020). Methodology and application of spatial vulnerability assessment for evacuation shelters in disaster planning. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12187355"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Hapciuc, O.E., Iosub, M., Enea, A., and Romanescu, G. (2016, January 19\u201321). Analyse spatiale de la gestion d\u2019\u00e9vacuation en cas d\u2019inondations. \u00c9tude de cas: Le bassin de la Sucevi\u0163a, Roumanie. Proceedings of the Le 3e colloque de l\u2019AFGP \u201cLa g\u00e9ographie physique et les risques de pertes et prejudices lies aux changements climatiques\u201d, Sassari, Italia."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9671-x","article-title":"An assessment of flood emergency plans in England and Wales, France and the Netherlands","volume":"58","author":"Lumbroso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2016.07.001","article-title":"Integration of simulation and optimization for evacuation planning","volume":"67","author":"Gan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Simul. Modell. Pract. Theory"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/net.22058","article-title":"An integrated user-system approach for shelter location and evacuation routing","volume":"78","author":"Scaparra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Networks"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9488(2007)133:1(18)","article-title":"Critical behavioral assumptions in evacuation time estimate analysis for private vehicles: Examples from hurricane research and planning","volume":"133","author":"Lindell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urban Plan Dev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2014.05.002","article-title":"Urban adaptation planning and climate-related disasters: An integrated assessment of public infrastructure serving as temporary shelter during river floods in Colombia","volume":"9","author":"Melgarejo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1557-x","article-title":"Planning emergency shelter locations based on evacuation behavior","volume":"76","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S502","DOI":"10.1111\/jfr3.12249","article-title":"Flood vulnerability assessment in the mountain-plateau transition zone. Case study for Marginea village (Romania)","volume":"11","author":"Romanescu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Flood Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"201","article-title":"The role of the hydro-climatic conditions in causing high floods in the Sucevi\u021ba river catchment","volume":"1","author":"Hapciuc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Air Water Compon. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12588","DOI":"10.1111\/jfr3.12588","article-title":"Assessment of flash flood susceptibility potential in Moldavian Plain (Romania)","volume":"13","author":"Iosub","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Flood Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgescu, E.S., Gociman, C.O., Craifaleanu, I.G., Georgescu, M.S., Moscu, C.I., Dragomir, C.S., and Dobre, D. (2016). Multi-Hazard Scenarios and Impact Mapping for a Protected Built Area in Bucharest, as a Base for Emergency Planning. International Conference on Dynamics of Disasters, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43709-5_4"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leon, F., Atanasiu, G.M., and Bunea, G. (2015, January 2\u20134). Critical assessment of road network resilience using an agent-based evacuation model. Proceedings of the 7th Balkan Conference on Informatics Conference, Craiova, Romania.","DOI":"10.1145\/2801081.2801107"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05016002","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000575","article-title":"Postdisaster evacuation scenarios using multiagent system","volume":"30","author":"Bunea","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Nicoar\u0103, E.M., Haidu, I., and Imbroane, A. (2011, January 30). Identification of areas of preventive evacuation and accommodation of population, animals and property necessary for the defense plan of the Baciu Commune, Annals of \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza University\u201d of Iasi. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Geographic Information Systems, Iasi, Romania."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"81","article-title":"Creation of the roads metwork as a network dataset within a geodatabase","volume":"2","author":"Haidu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geogr. Tech."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2021.1955755","article-title":"Opp: GIS-based multi-criteria analysis for flood prone areas mapping in the trans-boundary Shatt Al-Arab basin, Iraq-Iran","volume":"12","author":"Allafta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-16-1019-2016","article-title":"Multi-criteria decision-making for flood risk management: A survey of the current state of the art","volume":"16","author":"Evers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12624","DOI":"10.1111\/jfr3.12624","article-title":"Diaconu: Spatial assessment of flash-flood vulnerability in the Moldova river catchment (N Romania) using the FFPI","volume":"13","author":"Popa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Flood Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Chelariu, O.E. (2020). Flood Risk Management in the Sucevi\u021ba Catchment, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Press. (In Romanian)."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2021, June 13). Copernicus Land Monitoring Service. Available online: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.101597","article-title":"Identification and evaluation of flood-avoidance routes in Tucson, Arizona","volume":"48","author":"Coles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Nicoar\u0103, E.M. (2012). Study on the implementation of GIS in flood emergency management. Application to the Communes in the Contact Area of the Gilau Mountains\u2014Someselor Plateau, Cluj-Napoca. [Ph.D. Thesis, B\u00e1bes Bolyai University]. (In Romanian)."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2010.07.003","article-title":"A review of planning and operational models used for emergency evacuation situations in Australia","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2008.08.025","article-title":"Multi-objective evacuation routing in transportation networks","volume":"198","author":"Stepanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"St\u00e5lhult, S., and Andersson, S. (2014). Hospital Exposed to Flooding in Manila City, Philipines\u2014GIS Analysis of Alternative Emergency Routes and Allocation of Emergency Service and Temporary Medical Center."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-1075-2009","article-title":"Assessment of human immediate response capability related to tsunami threats in Indonesia at a sub-national scale","volume":"9","author":"Post","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024779724065","article-title":"A human damage prediction method for tsunami disasters incorporating evacuation activities","volume":"29","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-3249-2013","article-title":"Tsunami evacuation modelling as a tool for risk reduction: Application to the coastal area of El Salvador","volume":"13","author":"Abad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.05.032","article-title":"A dynamic approach for evacuees\u2019 distribution and optimal routing in hazardous environments","volume":"94","author":"Boguslawski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom Constr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernardini, G., and Quagliarini, E. (2020). How to account for the human motion to improve flood risk assessment in urben areas. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12051316"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2021, June 12). Directive 2007\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2021, March 24). Order No 459\/2019 for the Approval of the Regulation on the Management of Emergency Situations Caused by Dangerous Hydro-Meteorological Phenomena Resulting in Floods, Hydrological Droughts, as well as Incidents\/Accidents at Hydro-Technical Constructions, Accidental Pollution on Watercourses and Marine Pollution in the Coastal Area. Available online: https:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toma\u0219ciuc, A.I., Eva, M., Hapciuc, O.E., and Ia\u021bu, C. (2016, January 1\u201310). Spatial Accessibility and Public Transport Issues in Post-Socialist Metropolitan Areas: A Case Study Of Suceava (Romania). Proceedings of the International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geo Conference: SGEM, 2016, Albena, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.5593\/SGEM2016\/B23\/S11.055"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Li, H., Sun, Y., Huang, R., Hu, Q., Wang, J., and Gao, F. (2017). Planning emergency shelters for urban disaster resilience: An integrated location-allocation modeling approach. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9112098"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-1881-2009","article-title":"Integrated urban flood risk assessment\u2013adapting a multicriteria approach to a city","volume":"9","author":"Kubal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102728","article-title":"Correlates of flood hazard adjustment adoption in four coastal communities","volume":"68","author":"Grover","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2014.05.006","article-title":"Modelling spatiotemporal patterns of building vulnerability and content evacuations before a riverine flood disaster","volume":"52","author":"Hubbard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, D., Kim, D., Kim, K., Wang, W.-J., Jung, J., and Kim, H.S. (2022). Mega Flood Inundation Analysis and the selection of optimal Shelters. Water., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14071031"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-1802-y","article-title":"Population evacuation: Evaluating spatial distribution of flood shelters and vulnerable residential units in Dhaka with geographic information systems","volume":"78","author":"Masuya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fekete, A. (2021). Motivation, Satisfaction, and Risks of Operational Forces and Helpers Regarding the 2021 and 2013 Flood Operations in Germany. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132212587"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fekete, A., and Sandholz, S. (2021). Here Comes the Flood, but Not Failure? Lessons to Learn after the Heavy Rain and Pluvial Floods in Germany. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13213016"}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/14\/19\/3074\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:42:09Z","timestamp":1760143329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/14\/19\/3074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["w14193074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w14193074","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]}}}