{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T02:55:30Z","timestamp":1789268130145,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#83949701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#83949701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#CD9627340000-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CD9627340000-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of nonpoint source nutrients on estuaries can be difficult to pinpoint, with researchers often using indicator species, monitoring, and models to detect influence and change. Here, we made stable isotope measurements of nitrogen and carbon in sediment, water column particulates, primary producers, and consumers at 35 stations in the reportedly eutrophic Barnegat Bay (New Jersey) to assess N sources and processing pathways. Combined with water quality and hydrological data, our C and N isoscapes revealed four distinct geographic zones with diverging isotopic baselines, indicating variable nutrient sources and processing pathways. Overall, the carbon stable isotopes (\u03b413C) reflected the terrestrial-marine gradient with the most depleted values in the urban and poorly flushed north of the estuary to the most enriched values in the salt marsh-dominated south. In contrast, the nitrogen stable isotope values (\u03b415N) were most enriched near the oceanic inlets and were consistent with offshore \u03b415N values in particulate organic matter. Several biogeochemical processes likely alter \u03b415N, but the relatively lower \u03b415N values associated with the most urbanized area indicate that anthropogenic runoff is not a dominant N source to this area. Our findings stand in contrast to previous studies of similar estuaries, as \u03b415N signatures of biota in this system are inversely correlated to population density and nutrient concentrations. Further, our analyses of archival plant (Spartina sp., Phragmites australis) and shell (Geukensia demissa, Ilyanassa obsoleta) samples collected between 1880 and 2020 indicated that \u03b415N values have decreased over time, particularly in the consumers. Overall, we find that water quality issues appear to be most acute in the poorly flushed parts of Barnegat Bay and emphasize the important role that oceanic exchange plays in water quality and associated estuarine food webs in the lagoon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w15010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T01:33:12Z","timestamp":1671672792000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Tidal Flushing Rather Than Non-Point Source Nitrogen Pollution Drives Nutrient Dynamics in A Putatively Eutrophic Estuary"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5721-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes R.","family":"Krause","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastlines and Oceans Division, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle E.","family":"Gannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity, Earth & Environmental Sciences and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2421-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Autumn J.","family":"Oczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Science Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan J.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Science Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena K.","family":"Champlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity, Earth & Environmental Sciences and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Steinmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hammonton MLRA Soil Survey Office, National Resources Conservation Service, Hammonton, NJ 08037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Maxwell-Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barnegat Bay Partnership, Toms River, NJ 08754, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Pirl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barnegat Bay Partnership, Toms River, NJ 08754, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity, Earth & Environmental Sciences and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Burke Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity, Earth & Environmental Sciences and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3354\/meps210223","article-title":"Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem","volume":"210","author":"Cloern","year":"2001","journal-title":"MEPS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1890\/100008","article-title":"Coupled Biogeochemical Cycles: Eutrophication and Hypoxia in Temperate Estuaries and Coastal Marine Ecosystems","volume":"9","author":"Howarth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. 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