{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T23:19:53Z","timestamp":1768778393489,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technology Agency of the Czech Republic","award":["SS02030018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SS02030018"]}]},{"name":"Technology Agency of the Czech Republic","award":["SS02030040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SS02030040"]}]},{"name":"Technology Agency of the Czech Republic","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000797"]}]},{"name":"SustES\u2014Adaptation Strategies for the Sustainability of Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Adverse Natural Conditions","award":["SS02030018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SS02030018"]}]},{"name":"SustES\u2014Adaptation Strategies for the Sustainability of Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Adverse Natural Conditions","award":["SS02030040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SS02030040"]}]},{"name":"SustES\u2014Adaptation Strategies for the Sustainability of Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Adverse Natural Conditions","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000797"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change affects the agroecological conditions and persistence of cherry tree flowering. Detailed evaluation of minimum air temperature and occurrence of synoptic events occurrence during spring frosts within the cherry tree flowering in the Czech Republic (Central Europe) is missing. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the above-mentioned variables during the cherry tree flowering in different parts of the country from 1924 to 2012. Our question was how the frequency of frost days occurrence changed during the cherry tree flowering. A trend analysis was conducted with the Mann-Kendall test. The onset of the beginning of flowering and end of flowering shifted to an earlier date per the whole examined period (up to \u221213.9 and \u22128.1 days) and the period of flowering extended (up to 4.1 days). The shifts were more pronounced at higher elevations. During the period of the cherry tree flowering, the trend in change of the number of frost days was negative at the lowland station (\u22120.3 day) and positive at the highland station (+1.2 day). At all stations, \u201cAp3\u201d synoptic event (anticyclone) occurrence during cherry tree flowering on days with the highest spring frost risk (Tmin at 2 m &lt; \u22121.1 \u00b0C) prevailed. The positive trend of frost-day occurrence and the negative trend of minimum air temperature in cherry tree flowering indicate that blossoms are more endangered at higher elevations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w15030497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T08:28:23Z","timestamp":1675067303000},"page":"497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Increasing Risk of Spring Frost Occurrence during the Cherry Tree Flowering in Times of Climate Change"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1340-7101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenka","family":"H\u00e1jkov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Department of Biometeorological Applications, Na \u0160abatce 17, 143 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Mo\u017en\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Department of Biometeorological Applications, Na \u0160abatce 17, 143 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Ou\u0161kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Department of Biometeorological Applications, Na \u0160abatce 17, 143 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"Barto\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Global Change Research Institute CAS, B\u011blidla 986\/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5105-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"D\u00ed\u017ekov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Global Change Research Institute CAS, B\u011blidla 986\/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zden\u011bk","family":"\u017dalud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Global Change Research Institute CAS, B\u011blidla 986\/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.818","article-title":"Changes in European spring phenology","volume":"22","author":"Ahas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.01097.x","article-title":"Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere","volume":"12","author":"Schwartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5586\/aa.2015.043","article-title":"Changes in flowering of birch in the Czech Republic in recent 25 years (1991\u20132015) in connection with meteorological variables","volume":"68","author":"Hajkova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Agrobot."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-018-0422-5","article-title":"Growing season warming and winter freeze-thaw cycles reduce root nitrogen uptake capacity and increase soil solution nitrogen in a northern forest ecosystem","volume":"137","author":"Sarensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5324.364","article-title":"Maximum and minimum temperature trends for the globe","volume":"277","author":"Easterling","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(94)00077-Q","article-title":"Long-term changes of the diurnal temperature cycle: Implications about mechanisms of global climate change","volume":"37","author":"Hansen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-017-1443-9","article-title":"Climate change and spring frost damages for sweet cherries in Germany","volume":"62","author":"Chmielewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4238(99)00150-8","article-title":"Spring frosts in deciduous fruit trees \u00d0 morphological damage and owerhardiness","volume":"85","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01193.x","article-title":"European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern","volume":"12","author":"Menzel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-015-1010-1","article-title":"Spring frost vulnerability of sweet cherries under controlled conditions","volume":"60","author":"Matzneller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Blanc, M.L., Geslin, H., Holzberg, I.A., and Mason, B. (1963). Technical Note No. 51, World Meteorological Organization."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/01140671.2021.1890156","article-title":"How sensitive are the flower parts of the sweet cherry in sub-zero temperatures? Use of differential thermal analysis and critical temperatures assessment","volume":"50","author":"Kaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840000050","article-title":"Spring phenology trends in Alberta, Canada: Links to ocean temperature","volume":"44","author":"Beaubien","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"533","article-title":"Is Citizen Science the recipe for the survive of paper-based phenological network in Europe?","volume":"66","author":"Scheifinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioSci. Adv. Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0142","article-title":"Why does phenology drive species distribution?","volume":"365","author":"Chuine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"221","article-title":"Impacts of climate variability, trends and NAO on 20th Century European plant phenology","volume":"Volume 33","author":"Luterbacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Climate Variability and Extremes during the Past 100 Years"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.09.005","article-title":"Increase in the risk of exposure of forest and fruit trees to spring frosts at higher elevations in Switzerland over the last four decades","volume":"248","author":"Vitasse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2022, October 04). Available online: https:\/\/www.amet.cz\/klima\/mraziky.htm."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Pifflov\u00e1, L., Brablec, J., Lenner, V., and Min\u00e1\u0159, M. (1956). Handbook for Phenological Observers, Hydrometeorological Institute. D-571503."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Coufal, L., Hou\u0161ka, V., Reitschlager, J.D., Valter, J., and Vr\u00e1bl\u00edk, T. (2004). Phenological Atlas, CHMI. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2009). Methodical Instructions Number 10 for Phenological Stations\u2014Wild Plants, CHMI."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"\u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nek, P. (2010). AnClim\u2014Software for Time Series Analysis, Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Science, MU. Available online: http:\/\/www.climahom.eu\/AnClim.html."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2022, October 04). Available online: https:\/\/www.chmi.cz\/historicka-data\/pocasi\/typizace-povetrnostnich-situaci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Tolasz, R., Br\u00e1zdil, R., Bul\u00ed\u0159, O., Dobrovoln\u00fd, P., Dubrovsk\u00fd, M., H\u00e1jkov\u00e1, L., Hal\u00e1sov\u00e1, O., Host\u00fdnek, J., Janouch, M., and Kohut, M. (2007). Climate Atlas of Czechia, CHMI. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s41207-020-0146-5","article-title":"Effects of climate change on cherry production in Naoussa, Greece and Bonn, Germany: Adaptation strategies","volume":"5","author":"Drogoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro-Mediterr. J. Environ. Integr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3340","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4920","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of the frost-free season in Central Europe and its circulation background","volume":"37","author":"Wypych","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-021-02093-1","article-title":"The use of differential thermal analysis in determining the critical temperatures of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) flower buds at different stages of bud burst","volume":"65","author":"Kaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840000062","article-title":"Phenology in central Europe\u2014Differences and trends of spring phenophases in urban and rural areas","volume":"44","author":"Roetzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2022, October 04). Available online: https:\/\/www.klimatickazmena.cz."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2008.08.010","article-title":"Analyzing the time-course variation of apple and pear tree dates of flowering stages in the global warming context","volume":"219","author":"Guedon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.131.5.601","article-title":"Phenological models of flower bud stages and fruit growth of \u201cMontmorency\u201d sour cherry based on growing degree-day accumulation","volume":"131","author":"Zavalloni","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/15\/3\/497\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:16:45Z","timestamp":1760120205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/15\/3\/497"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["w15030497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w15030497","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]}}}