{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:59:23Z","timestamp":1782730763302,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre of Poland","award":["2018\/31\/B\/HS4\/03223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/31\/B\/HS4\/03223"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Floods are the main natural disaster in Poland, and the risk of both fluvial and pluvial floods is serious in the country. Pluvial floods are on the rise in the changing climate, particularly in increasingly sealed urbanized areas. In this paper, we examine the changes in flood risk in Poland, discussing the mechanisms, observations, projections and variability. Next, we discuss flood risk management in the country, including specific issues related to urban and rural areas and the synergies between flood and drought risk reduction measures. We identify and assess the weaknesses of the existing flood risk management plans in Poland for the first planning period 2016\u20132021 and for the second planning period 2022\u20132027. We find the level of implementation of plans in the former period to be very low. Many planned measures do not have much to do with flood risk reduction but are often linked to other objectives, such as inland navigation. The plans contain numerous small measures, which come across as inapt and economically ineffective solutions. We specify policy-relevant recommendations for necessary and urgent actions, which, if undertaken, could considerably reduce flood risk. We also sketch the way ahead for flood risk management in Poland within the timeframe of the implementation of plans for 2022\u20132027 and the next regular update of plans for 2028\u20132033.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w15162912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T10:28:13Z","timestamp":1692008893000},"page":"2912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Challenges for Flood Risk Reduction in Poland\u2019s Changing Climate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zbigniew W.","family":"Kundzewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Pi\u0105tkowska 94 E, 60-649 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7411-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Januchta-Szostak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Pozna\u0144 University of Technology, Jacka Rychlewskiego 2, 61-131 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5348-6161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Nachlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoengineering and Water Management, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6759-1595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Pi\u0144skwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Pi\u0105tkowska 94 E, 60-649 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Zaleski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Committee for Spatial Economy and Regional Planning, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pa\u0142ac Kultury i Nauki, pl. Defilad 1, 00-901 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kundzewicz, Z.W. (2012). Changes in Flood Risk in Europe, IAHS Press. Special Publication No. 10."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kundzewicz, Z.W., and Pi\u0144skwar, I. (2022). Are Pluvial and Fluvial Floods on the Rise?. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14172612"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"EU (European Union) (2000). Directive 2000\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 on the establishing a framework for the Community action in the field of water policy. (Water Framework Directive, WFD). Off. J. Eur. Union, L327, 1\u201373."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"EU (2007). Directive 2007\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks. (Floods Directive, FD). 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