{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:33:09Z","timestamp":1778772789610,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Center for Research and Development (NCBR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIDER\/34\/0174\/L-12\/20\/NCBR\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/34\/0174\/L-12\/20\/NCBR\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oilfield brine is the largest byproduct stream generated during the extraction of crude oil and natural gas and may be considered a resource for the production of potable water and valuable raw materials. The high salinity of such waters limits the application of typical membrane-based techniques. In most oilfields, waste cold energy from the process of the low-temperature separation of natural gas is available and may be used as a source of cold for the freezing desalination (FD) of brine. As a result of the FD process, two streams are obtained: partially desalinated water and concentrated brine. The partially desalinated water may be suitable for non-potable applications or as a feed for membrane desalination. The concentrated brine from the FD could be used as a feed for the recovery of selected chemicals. This paper focuses on verifying the above-described concept of the freezing desalination of oilfield brine on a laboratory scale. The brine from a Polish oilfield located in the Carpathian Foredeep was used as a feed. Four freezing\u2013thawing stages were applied to obtain low-salinity water, which subsequently was treated by reverse osmosis. The obtained permeate meets the criteria recommended for irrigation and livestock watering. The concentrated brine enriched with iodine (48 mg\/L) and lithium (14 mg\/L) was subjected to recovery tests. Ion exchange resin Diaion NSA100 allowed us to recover 58% of iodine. Lithium recovery using Mn- and Ti-based sorbents varies from 52 to 93%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w16111461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T05:40:47Z","timestamp":1716270047000},"page":"1461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Oilfield Brine as a Source of Water and Valuable Raw Materials\u2014Proof of Concept on a Laboratory Scale"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Rotko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2808-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Knapik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Piotrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Marsza\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangwar, A., Rawat, S., Rautela, A., Yadav, I., Singh, A., and Kumar, S. (2024). Current advances in produced water treatment technologies: A perspective of techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment. Environ. Dev. 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