{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T13:43:13Z","timestamp":1792935793182,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work assesses the performance of a municipal pilot wastewater treatment system employing an up-flow anaerobic filter (UAF) followed by a horizontal subsurface constructed wetland (HSSCW). This pilot scale demonstration project was implemented in a zone with subtropical climate in order to protect Lake Chapala from wastewater loads that are discharged by small communities in the Lake\u2019s vicinity. The filters were filled with tezontle as the media for biofilm support and the HSSCW was planted with two ornamental plants species, Canna hybrids and Strelitzia reginae. The experiment evaluated three hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 28 and 38 h in the UAF, which corresponds to two, three and four days in HSSCW over 66 weeks. The mean efficiencies found for the complete system were 80% and 90% of BOD, 80% and 86% of COD, 30% and 33% of Ntot and between 24% and 44% of Ptot. It was possible to remove almost 80% of organic matter in 18 h in the UAF while the HSSCW reached 30% of removal for Ntot in a HRT of three days. As expected, the UAF was responsible for removing most of the organic matter and the HSSCW removed most of the nitrogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w7031149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T11:04:24Z","timestamp":1426590264000},"page":"1149-1163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["The Effect of the Hydraulic Retention Time on the Performance of an Ecological Wastewater Treatment System: An Anaerobic Filter with a Constructed Wetland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Merino-Sol\u00eds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Technology, Research Center and Assistance in Technology and Design of Jalisco, N.P.O., Normalistas 800, Guadalajara 44270, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgardo","family":"Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Technology, Research Center and Assistance in Technology and Design of Jalisco, N.P.O., Normalistas 800, Guadalajara 44270, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"De Anda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Technology, Research Center and Assistance in Technology and Design of Jalisco, N.P.O., Normalistas 800, Guadalajara 44270, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Technology, Research Center and Assistance in Technology and Design of Jalisco, N.P.O., Normalistas 800, Guadalajara 44270, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-007-9109-y","article-title":"Phosphorus sorption capacities and physicochemical properties of nine substrate materials for constructed wetland","volume":"55","author":"Cui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. 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