{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T15:43:33Z","timestamp":1785599013534,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]],"date-time":"2016-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A U.S. government health agency conducted epidemiological studies to evaluate whether exposures to drinking water contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOC) at U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, were associated with increased health risks to children and adults. These health studies required knowledge of contaminant concentrations in drinking water\u2014at monthly intervals\u2014delivered to family housing, barracks, and other facilities within the study area. Because concentration data were limited or unavailable during much of the period of contamination (1950s\u20131985), the historical reconstruction process was used to quantify estimates of monthly mean contaminant-specific concentrations. This paper integrates many efforts, reports, and papers into a synthesis of the overall approach to, and results from, a drinking-water historical reconstruction study. Results show that at the Tarawa Terrace water treatment plant (WTP) reconstructed (simulated) tetrachloroethylene (PCE) concentrations reached a maximum monthly average value of 183 micrograms per liter (\u03bcg\/L) compared to a one-time maximum measured value of 215 \u03bcg\/L and exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s current maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 5 \u03bcg\/L during the period November 1957\u2013February 1987. At the Hadnot Point WTP, reconstructed trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations reached a maximum monthly average value of 783 \u03bcg\/L compared to a one-time maximum measured value of 1400 \u03bcg\/L during the period August 1953\u2013December 1984. The Hadnot Point WTP also provided contaminated drinking water to the Holcomb Boulevard housing area continuously prior to June 1972, when the Holcomb Boulevard WTP came on line (maximum reconstructed TCE concentration of 32 \u03bcg\/L) and intermittently during the period June 1972\u2013February 1985 (maximum reconstructed TCE concentration of 66 \u03bcg\/L). Applying the historical reconstruction process to quantify contaminant-specific monthly drinking-water concentrations is advantageous for epidemiological studies when compared to using the classical exposed versus unexposed approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/w8100449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]],"date-time":"2016-10-13T10:33:10Z","timestamp":1476354790000},"page":"449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Reconstructing Historical VOC Concentrations in Drinking Water for Epidemiological Studies at a U.S. Military Base: Summary of Results"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Morris","family":"Maslia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4640-8717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Aral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimedia Environmental Simulations Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perri","family":"Ruckart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Bove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Maslia, M.L., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., Sautner, J.B., Anderson, B.A., Jones, L.E., Faye, R.E., Aral, M.M., Guan, J., Jang, W., and Telci, I.T. (2013). Analyses and Historical Reconstruction of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water within the Service Areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water Treatment Plants and Vicinities, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina\u2014Chapter A: Summary and Findings, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/chapter_A_hadnotpoint.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lawrence, S.J. (2007). Analyses of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water at Tarawa Terrace and Vicinity, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: Historical Reconstruction and Present-Day Conditions\u2014Chapter D: Properties of Degradation Pathways of Common Organic Compounds in Groundwater, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/Chapter%20D_TarawaTerrace.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2009). National Primary Drinking Water Standards."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Maslia, M.L., Sautner, J.B., Faye, R.E., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., Aral, M.M., Grayman, W.M., Jang, W., Wang, J., Bove, F.J., and Ruckart, P.Z. (2007). Analyses of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water at Tarawa Terrace and Vicinity, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: Historical Reconstruction and Present-Day Conditions\u2014Chapter A: Summary of Findings, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/ChapterA_TarawaTerrace.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-009-0010-y","article-title":"Reconstructing Historical Exposures to Volatile Organic Compound-Contaminated Drinking Water at a U.S. Military Base","volume":"1","author":"Maslia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Qual. Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program (NTP) (2011). 12th Report on Carcinogens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70485-0","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, some other Chlorinated Solvents, and their Metabolites","volume":"13","author":"Guha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Watson, A.D. (1995). Onslow County, a Brief History."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Faye, R.E., Anderson, B.A., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., and Sautner, J.B. (2010). Analyses and Historical Reconstruction of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water within the Service Areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water Treatment Plants and Vicinities, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina\u2014Chapter C: Occurrence of Selected Contaminants in Groundwater at Installation Restoration Program Sites, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/chapter_c_hadnotpoint.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Maslia, M.L., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., Sautner, J.B., Anderson, B.A., Jones, L.E., Faye, R.E., Aral, M.M., Guan, J., Jang, W., and Telci, I.T. (2013). Descriptions and Characterizations of Data Pertinent to Water-Supply Well Capacities, Histories, and Operations\u2014Supplement 1, Analyses and Historical Reconstruction of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water within the Service Areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water Treatment Plants and Vicinities, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina\u2014Chapter A: Summary and Findings, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/chapter_A_hadnotpoint.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Maslia, M.L., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., Sautner, J.B., Anderson, B.A., Jones, L.E., Faye, R.E., Aral, M.M., Guan, J., Jang, W., and Telci, I.T. (2007). Camp Lejeune Water Documents, 0001\u20138761 (not consecutively available), provided on CD-ROM format, Analyses of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water at Tarawa Terrace and Vicinity, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: Historical Reconstruction and Present-Day Conditions\u2014Chapter A: Summary of Findings, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/ChapterA_TarawaTerrace.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Maslia, M.L., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., Sautner, J.B., Anderson, B.A., Jones, L.E., Faye, R.E., Aral, M.M., Guan, J., Jang, W., and Telci, I.T. (2013). Field Tests, Data Analyses, and Simulation of the Distribution of Drinking Water with Emphasis on Intermittent Transfers of Drinking Water Between the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water-Distribution Systems\u2014Supplement 8, Analyses and Historical Reconstruction of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water within the Service Areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water Treatment Plants and Vicinities, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina\u2014Chapter A: Summary and Findings, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/chapter_A_hadnotpoint.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Faye, R.E., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., and Maslia, M.L. (2012). Analyses and Historical Reconstruction of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water within the Service Areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water Treatment Plants and Vicinities, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina\u2014Chapter D: Occurrence of Selected Contaminants in Groundwater at Above-Ground and Underground Storage Tank Sites, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/ChapterD.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Shiver, R.A. (1985). Groundwater Investigation to Define the Source(s) of Tetrachloroethylene That Have Contaminated Three Community Water Supply Wells at Tarawa Terrace I."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-025X(1998)2:2(53)","article-title":"Groundwater Modeling and GIS to Determine Exposure to TCE at Tucson","volume":"2","author":"Rodenbeck","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pract. Period. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"McLaren\/Hart-ChemRisk (2000). Oak Ridge Dose Reconstruction Project Summary Report, McLaren\/Hart-ChemRisk."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00169-9","article-title":"A Case-Control Study of Childhood Leukemia in Woburn, Massachusetts: The Relationship between Leukemia Incidence and Exposure to Public Drinking Water","volume":"300","author":"Costas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(03)00131-2","article-title":"Neurobehavioral Effects of Exposure to Trichloroethylene Through a Municipal Water Supply","volume":"93","author":"Reif","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200407000-00003","article-title":"Estimation of Thyroid Radiation Doses for the Hanford Thyroid Disease Study: Results and Implications for Statistical Power of the Epidemiological Analyses","volume":"87","author":"Kopecky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2005.01.007","article-title":"Public Health Partnerships Addressing Childhood Cancer Investigations: Case Study of Toms River, Dover Township, New Jersey, USA","volume":"208","author":"Maslia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2010.501052","article-title":"The Role of Exposure Reconstruction in Occupational Human Health Risk Assessment: Current Methods and a Recommended Framework","volume":"40","author":"Samhel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Rothman, K.J., Greenland, S., and Lash, T.L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-104","article-title":"Evaluation of exposure to contaminated drinking water and specific birth defects and childhood cancers at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: A case\u2013control study","volume":"12","author":"Ruckart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-99","article-title":"Evaluation of contaminated drinking water and preterm birth, small for gestational age, and birth weight at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Ruckart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0061-4","article-title":"Evaluation of contaminated drinking water and male breast cancer at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: A case control study","volume":"14","author":"Ruckart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of mortality among marines and navy personnel exposed to contaminated drinking water at USMC base Camp Lejeune: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Bove","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mortality study of civilian employees exposed to contaminated drinking water at USMC Base Camp Lejeune: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Bove","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8701.2006.tb01860.x","article-title":"Calibrating Distribution Systems Models with Fire-Flow Tests","volume":"32","author":"Grayman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optflow"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Maslia, M.L., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., Sautner, J.B., Anderson, B.A., Jones, L.E., Faye, R.E., Aral, M.M., Guan, J., Jang, W., and Telci, I.T. (2013). Development and Application of a Methodology to Characterize Present-Day and Historical Water-Supply Well Operations\u2014Supplement 2, Analyses and Historical Reconstruction of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water within the Service Areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water Treatment Plants and Vicinities, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina\u2014Chapter A: Summary and Findings, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/chapter_A_hadnotpoint.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Maslia, M.L., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., Sautner, J.B., Anderson, B.A., Jones, L.E., Faye, R.E., Aral, M.M., Guan, J., Jang, W., and Telci, I.T. (2013). Theory, Development, and Application of Linear Control Model Methodology to Reconstruct Historical Contaminant Concentrations at Selected Water-Supply Wells\u2014Supplement 5, Analyses and Historical Reconstruction of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water within the Service Areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water Treatment Plants and Vicinities, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina\u2014Chapter A: Summary and Findings, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/chapter_A_hadnotpoint.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Maslia, M.L., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., Sautner, J.B., Anderson, B.A., Jones, L.E., Faye, R.E., Aral, M.M., Guan, J., Jang, W., and Telci, I.T. (2013). Source Characterization and Simulation of the Migration of Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLs) in the Vicinity of the Hadnot Point Industrial Area\u2014Supplement 7, Analyses and Historical Reconstruction of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water within the Service Areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water Treatment Plants and Vicinities, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina\u2014Chapter A: Summary and Findings, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/chapter_A_hadnotpoint.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Faye, R.E. (2013). Analyses and Historical Reconstruction of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water within the Service Areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water Treatment Plants and Vicinities, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina\u2014Chapter B: Geohydrologic Framework of the Brewster Boulevard and Castle Hayne Aquifer Systems and the Tarawa Terrace Aquifer, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/chapter_B_hadnotpoint.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Maslia, M.L., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., Sautner, J.B., Anderson, B.A., Jones, L.E., Faye, R.E., Aral, M.M., Guan, J., Jang, W., and Telci, I.T. (2013). Descriptions and Characterizations of Water-Level Data and Groundwater Flow for the Brewster Boulevard and Castle Hayne Aquifer Systems and the Tarawa Terrace Aquifer\u2014Supplement 3, Analyses and Historical Reconstruction of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water within the Service Areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water Treatment Plants and Vicinities, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina\u2014Chapter A: Summary and Findings, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/chapter_A_hadnotpoint.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harbaugh, A.W. (2005). MODFLOW-2005, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model\u2014The Ground-Water Flow Processes.","DOI":"10.3133\/tm6A16"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Maslia, M.L., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., Sautner, J.B., Anderson, B.A., Jones, L.E., Faye, R.E., Aral, M.M., Guan, J., Jang, W., and Telci, I.T. (2013). Simulation of Three-Dimensional Groundwater Flow\u2014Supplement 4, Analyses and Historical Reconstruction of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water within the Service Areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water Treatment Plants and Vicinities, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina\u2014Chapter A: Summary and Findings, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/chapter_A_hadnotpoint.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Maslia, M.L., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., Sautner, J.B., Anderson, B.A., Jones, L.E., Faye, R.E., Aral, M.M., Guan, J., Jang, W., and Telci, I.T. (2013). Characterization and Simulation of Fate and Transport of Selected Volatile Organic Compounds in the Vicinities of the Hadnot Point Industrial Area and Landfill\u2014Supplement 6, Analyses and Historical Reconstruction of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water within the Service Areas of the Hadnot Point and Holcomb Boulevard Water Treatment Plants and Vicinities, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina\u2014Chapter A: Summary and Findings, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/chapter_A_hadnotpoint.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Zheng, C., and Wang, P.P. (1999). MT3DMS: A Modular Three-Dimensional Multi-Species Model for Simulation of Advection, Dispersion, and Chemical Reactions of Contaminants in Groundwater Systems: Documentation and User\u2019s Guide, Army Engineer Research and Development Center. Available online: http:\/\/hydro.geo.ua.edu\/mt3d\/."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Zheng, C. (2010). MT3DMS v5.3 Supplemental User\u2019s Guide, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama. Available online: http:\/\/hydro.geo.ua.edu\/mt3d\/mt3dms_v5_supplemental.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-006-9029-8","article-title":"Density-Driven Transport of Volatile Organic Compounds and Its Impact on Contaminated Groundwater Plume Evolution","volume":"67","author":"Jang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transp. Porous Media"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-007-9145-0","article-title":"Effect of Biotransformation on Multi-Species Plume Evolution and Natural Attenuation","volume":"72","author":"Jang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Porous Media"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Jang, W., and Aral, M.M. (2008). Analyses of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water at Tarawa Terrace and Vicinity, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: Historical Reconstruction and Present-Day Conditions\u2014Chapter G: Simulation of Three-Dimensional Multispecies, Multiphase Mass Transport of Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and Associated Degradation By-Products, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/ChapterG_TarawaTerrace.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Masters, G.M. (1998). Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, Prentice Hall. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Saltelli, A., Chan, K., and Scott, E.M. (2000). Sensitivity Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Ross, S.M. (1997). Introduction to Probability Models, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Rossman, L.A. (2000). EPANET 2 User\u2019s Manual, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/water-research\/epanet."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Maslia, M.L., Su\u00e1rez-Soto, R.J., Wang, J., Aral, M.M., Faye, R.E., Sautner, J.B., Valenzuela, C., and Grayman, W.M. (2009). Analyses of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water at Tarawa Terrace and Vicinity, U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: Historical Reconstruction and Present-Day Conditions\u2014Chapter I: Parameter Sensitivity, Uncertainty, and Variability Associated with Model Simulations of Groundwater Flow, Contaminant Fate and Transport, and Distribution of Drinking Water, Available online: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/lejeune\/docs\/ChapterI_TarawaTerrace.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Walton, R.D. (2005, January 15\u201319). Field Testing of Water-Distribution Systems at the U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, in Support of an Epidemiologic Study. Proceedings of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Kabbes, K.C. (2007, January 15\u201319). Storage Tank Mixing Models: Comparison of Tracer Data with Model Simulation. Proceedings of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, Tampa, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"JTC Environmental Consultants, Inc (1985). Laboratory Analyses on Naval Samples, JTC."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"ASTM International (1994). Standard Guide for Conducting a Sensitivity Analysis for a Ground-Water Flow Model Application, ASTM International. ASTM Guide D5611-94 (Reapproved 2002)."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Cullen, A.C., and Frey, H.C. (1999). Probabilistic Techniques in Exposure Assessment: A Handbook for Dealing with Variability and Uncertainty in Models and Inputs, Plenum Press."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Tung, Y.-K., and Yen, B.-C. (2005). Hydrosystems Engineering Uncertainty Analysis, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Hill, M.C., and Tiedeman, C.R. (2007). Effective Groundwater Model Calibration, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."}],"container-title":["Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/8\/10\/449\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:32:56Z","timestamp":1760211176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/8\/10\/449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["w8100449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w8100449","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]]}}}