{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T11:04:52Z","timestamp":1781607892832,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]],"date-time":"2019-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WEVJ"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a general quasi-steady backward-looking model for energy consumption estimation of electric vehicles is presented. The model is based on a literature review of existing approaches and was set up using publicly available data for Nissan Leaf. The model has been used to assess the effect of ambient temperature on energy consumption and range, considering various reference driving cycles. The results are supported and validated using data available from an experimental campaign where the Nissan Leaf was driven to depletion across a broad range of winter ambient temperatures. The effect of ambient temperature and the consequent accessories consumption due to cabin heating are shown to be remarkable. For instance, in case of Federal Urban Driving Schedule (FUDS), simplified FUDS (SFUDS), and New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) driving cycles, the range exceeds 150 km at 20 \u00b0C, while it reduces to about 85 km and 60 km at 0 \u00b0C and \u221215 \u00b0C, respectively. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is reported to assess the impact of the hypotheses in the battery model and of making different assumptions on the regenerative braking efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj10010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T03:06:06Z","timestamp":1547003166000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Effect of Ambient Temperature on Electric Vehicles\u2019 Energy Consumption and Range: Model Definition and Sensitivity Analysis Based on Nissan Leaf Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Iora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universit\u00e0 di Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia BS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4400-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Tribioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Universit\u00e0 di Roma Niccol\u00f2 Cusano, 00166 Roma RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.01.097","article-title":"Power-based electric vehicle energy consumption model: Model development and validation","volume":"168","author":"Fiori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. 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