{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:25:52Z","timestamp":1789190752051,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["GNT1164736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1164736"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Women"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a risk factor for depressive disorders and other harms to women and their pregnancy. There is a need for longitudinal evidence to assist with understanding the subgroups of women including those from refugee background affected by IPV. We recruited women at their prenatal visit from three antenatal clinics in Australia (January 2015\u2013March 2016). A total of 1335 women, 650 (48.7%) born in Australia and 685 (51.3%) from refugee backgrounds, completed baseline assessment; then, Time 2 follow-up was at 6 months and Time 3 follow-up was at 24 months post birth. The WHO Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) measure was used. Latent class growth analysis grouped individuals based on trajectories of IPV across three time points. A three-step process identified characteristics associated with respective latent class membership. Similar three-class solutions were observed across both cohorts, composed of Limited IPV (64% and 48% Australian-born and refugee background, respectively); Changing IPV (31%; 46%)\u2014various combinations of IPV categories across time; Combined IPV (4%; 6%)\u2014IPV at all time points, all transitioning to the combined physical and psychological abuse category at Time 3. Older age, fewer children, being in a couple, having a better partner, family and friend relationships, fewer partner trauma events, and fewer living difficulties emerged as protective factors for the changing and combined categories, with a distinct pattern for the refugee cohort. The findings assist with understanding and defining of the highest risk group for targeting interventions to prevent IPV, and the unique protective factors across the two IPV-affected classes for women born in Australia and those who arrived as refugees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/women4030024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T09:21:00Z","timestamp":1725873660000},"page":"317-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Longitudinal Protective Factors against Intimate Partner Violence for Women Born in Australia and Women from Refugee Backgrounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2408-095X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Wells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0634-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2483-3798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Mohsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4631-4764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Claire","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program on Forced Migration and Health, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1959-6807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derrick","family":"Silove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5048-2920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Steel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2845-6547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Lifetime Prevalence of Gender-Based Violence in Women and the Relationship with Mental Disorders and Psychosocial Function","volume":"306","author":"Rees","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Heise, L. 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