{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T18:50:55Z","timestamp":1774983055539,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PT national funds (FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PT national funds (FCT\/MCTES, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior)","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transformation of healthcare organizations is essential to address their inherent complexity and dynamic nature. This study emphasizes the role of Data Science, with the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence tools, in enabling data-driven and interconnected management strategies. To achieve this, a thermodynamic approach to Knowledge Representation and Reasoning was employed, capturing healthcare workers\u2019 perceptions of their work environment through structured questionnaires. Over several months, the entropic efficiency in healthcare workers\u2019 responses was analyzed, offering insights into the intricate relationships between leadership, teamwork, work engagement, and their influence on organizational performance and worker satisfaction. This approach demonstrates Data Science\u2019s potential to enhance organizational effectiveness and adaptability while empowering healthcare workers. By bridging technological innovation with human-centric management, it provides actionable insights for sustainable improvements in healthcare systems. The study underscores that involving healthcare workers in decision-making processes not only could enhance satisfaction but also facilitate meaningful organizational transformation, creating more responsive and resilient healthcare organizations capable of navigating the complexities of modern healthcare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a18030173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T10:38:48Z","timestamp":1742380728000},"page":"173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Data Science in the Management of Healthcare Organizations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4590-3727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Faria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LASI\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado de Sistemas Inteligentes, Centro Algoritmi, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Rua da Universidade, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1819-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LASI\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado de Sistemas Inteligentes, Centro Algoritmi, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Rua da Universidade, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8863-0351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LASI\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado de Sistemas Inteligentes, Centro Algoritmi, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Rua da Universidade, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"IA&Sa\u00fade\u2014Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Intelig\u00eancia Artificial e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Sa\u00fade do Norte, CESPU, Rua Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio Vidal, 81, 4760-409 Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8456-7773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LASI\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado de Sistemas Inteligentes, Centro Algoritmi, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Rua da Universidade, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV REQUIMTE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde da Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohr, A., and Memarzadeh, K. (2020). Current Healthcare, Big Data, and Machine Learning. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818438-7.00001-0"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tulchinsky, T.H., and Varavikova, E.A. (2014). Planning and Managing Health Systems. The New Public Health, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415766-8.00012-4"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"113","article-title":"Health Systems as Complex Systems","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/20479700.2020.1870347","article-title":"Creating Efficient Professional Healthcare Organizations","volume":"15","author":"Campos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Healthc. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.33457\/ijhsrp.688181","article-title":"Toward organizational evidence-based management in healthcare organizations","volume":"5","author":"Alsaqqa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Serv. Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-019-0217-0","article-title":"Big Data in Healthcare: Management, Analysis and Future Prospects","volume":"6","author":"Dash","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Big Data"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Provost, F., and Fawcett, T. (2013). Data Science for Business: What You Need to Know About Data Mining and Data-Analytic Thinking, O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Khurana, P., and Varshney, R. (2025, February 14). Data Science in Healthcare- Current Challenges and Opportunities. Available online: https:\/\/www.preprints.org\/manuscript\/202103.0425\/v1."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott Burk, G.D.M. (2020). It\u2019s All Analytics!: The Foundations of AI, Big Data, and Data Science Landscape for Professionals in Healthcare, Business, and Government, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429343988"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458219854603","article-title":"Hidden Big Data Analytics Issues in the Healthcare Industry","volume":"26","author":"Strang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Inform. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tursunbayeva, A. (2019). Human Resource Technology Disruptions and Their Implications for Human Resources Management in Healthcare Organizations. BMC Health Serv. Res., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4068-3"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NUMA.0000557781.40049.2d","article-title":"Healthcare Organizations Thrive with Shared Governance","volume":"50","author":"Kroning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"353","article-title":"Exploring Knowledge Entropy in Organizations","volume":"7","author":"Bratianu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Manag. Dyn. Knowl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.3390\/e16042071","article-title":"The Entropic Potential Concept: A New Way to Look at Energy Transfer Operations","volume":"16","author":"Wenterodt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"206","article-title":"Entropy and Organizational Performance","volume":"Volume 11734","author":"Neves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira Maia Neves, J.C. (1984, January 8\u201310). A Logic Interpreter to Handle Time and Negation in Logic Data Bases. Proceedings of the 1984 Annual Conference of the ACM on the Fifth Generation Challenge\u2014ACM 84, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/800171.809603"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakas, A.C., and Kowalski, R.A. (1998). The Role of Abduction in Logic Programming. Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming: Volume 5: Logic Programming, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198537922.003.0007"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.07.036","article-title":"Integration Computing and Collective Intelligence","volume":"42","author":"Maleszka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, P., Nguyen, T.N., Gonzalez, C., and Woolley, A. (2023). Fostering Collective Intelligence in Human-AI Collaboration: Laying the Groundwork for COHUMAIN. Top. Cogn. Sci.","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12679"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102383","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Information Systems Research: A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda","volume":"60","author":"Collins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"100179","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence: A Powerful Paradigm for Scientific Research","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinakis, V. (2020). Big Data for Energy Management and Energy-Efficient Buildings. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13071555"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"OECD (2021). Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Big Data in Finance, OECD."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"37","article-title":"Evolution of Adaptive Learning for Nonlinear Dynamic Systems: A Systematic Survey","volume":"2","author":"Harib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intell. Robot."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbelaez Ossa, L., Lorenzini, G., Milford, S.R., Shaw, D., Elger, B.S., and Rost, M. (2024). Integrating Ethics in AI Development: A Qualitative Study. BMC Med. Ethics, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-023-01000-0"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brachman, R.J., and Levesque, H.J. (2004). Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-155860932-7\/50099-6"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"van Harmelen, F., van Harmelen, F., Lifschitz, V., and Porter, B. (2007). Handbook of Knowledge Representation, Elsevier Science."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"140","article-title":"An Entropic Approach to Technology Enable Learning and Social Computing","volume":"Volume 360","author":"Alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022991115523","article-title":"A Short Measure of Transformational Leadership","volume":"14","author":"Carless","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bus. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1002\/job.417","article-title":"Leadership Development in Healthcare: A Qualitative Study","volume":"27","author":"McAlearney","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2013.79","article-title":"Leadership of Healthcare Professionals: Where Do We Stand?","volume":"28","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164405282471","article-title":"The Measurement of Work Engagement with a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study","volume":"66","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1108\/EBHRM-08-2015-0036","article-title":"Facets of Job Satisfaction and Work Engagement","volume":"5","author":"Yalabik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid.-Based HRM"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s41042-019-00024-5","article-title":"Decent Work, Work Motivation, Work Engagement and Burnout in Physicians","volume":"5","author":"Ferraro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Posit. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496402239577","article-title":"Perceived Collective Efficacy, Subjective Well-Being and Task Performance among Electronic Work Groups: An Experimental Study","volume":"34","author":"Salanova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Small Group Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31827feef6","article-title":"Measuring Teamwork in Health Care Settings a Review of Survey Instruments","volume":"53","author":"Valentine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.12927\/hcpap.2013.18669","article-title":"Effective Teamwork in Healthcare: Research and Reality","volume":"7","author":"Clements","year":"2007","journal-title":"Healthc. Pap."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Capita, A., Dias, A., Neves, M., Goreti, M., Ribeiro, J., Henrique, V., and Neves, J. (2014). Full Informed Digital Transformation Simpler, Maybe Better. Mining Intelligence and Knowledge Exploration, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1093\/jigpal\/jzab010","article-title":"Employees Balance and Stability as Key Points in Organizational Performance","volume":"30","author":"Neves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Log. J. IGPL"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neves, J., Fdez-Riverola, F., Alves, V., Ferraz, F., Sousa, L., Costa, A., Ribeiro, J., and Vicente, H. (2021). A Multi-Valued Logic Assessment of Organizational Performance via Workforce Social Networking, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72802-1_5"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040297","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration","volume":"4","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.8211","article-title":"Informatics, Data Science, and Artificial Intelligence","volume":"320","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocy136","article-title":"Data Science and Artificial Intelligence to Improve Clinical Practice and Research","volume":"25","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santamato, V., Tricase, C., Faccilongo, N., Iacoviello, M., and Marengo, A. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Healthcare Management: A Combined Systematic Review and Machine-Learning Approach. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app142210144"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spruit, M., Dedding, T., and Vijlbrief, D. (2020, January 24\u201326). Self-Service Data Science for Healthcare Professionals: A Data Preparation Approach. Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies, Valletta, Malta.","DOI":"10.5220\/0009169507240734"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzetti, G., and Schaufeli, W.B. (2022). The Impact of Engaging Leadership on Employee Engagement and Team Effectiveness: A Longitudinal, Multi-Level Study on the Mediating Role of Personal- and Team Resources. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269433"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpaic.2015.10.012","article-title":"Leadership in Healthcare","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaesth. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1136\/leader-2023-000921","article-title":"Understanding What Leaders Can Do to Facilitate Healthcare Workers\u2019 Feeling Valued: Improving Our Knowledge of the Strongest Burnout Mitigator","volume":"8","author":"Stillman","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Lead."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2147\/JHL.S450077","article-title":"The Effect of Transformational, Transactional, and Laissez-Faire Leadership Styles on Employees\u2019 Level of Performance: The Case of Hospital in Oromia Region, Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Hundie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Leadersh."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e028280","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028280","article-title":"How Effective Is Teamwork Really? The Relationship between Teamwork and Performance in Healthcare Teams: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schmutz","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaheer, S., Ginsburg, L., Wong, H.J., Thomson, K., Bain, L., and Wulffhart, Z. (2021). Acute Care Nurses\u2019 Perceptions of Leadership, Teamwork, Turnover Intention and Patient Safety\u2014A Mixed Methods Study. BMC Nurs., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-021-00652-w"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karamitri, I., Kitsios, F., and Talias, M.A. (2020). Development and Validation of a Knowledge Management Questionnaire for Hospitals and Other Healthcare Organizations. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12072730"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.948","article-title":"The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire\u2014A Tool for the Assessment and Improvement of the Psychosocial Work Environment","volume":"31","author":"Kristensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/08404704211005688","article-title":"Healthcare Leadership Ethics: Time for Some Formal Training","volume":"34","author":"Ilse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthc. Manag. Forum"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.15678\/ZP.2019.47.1.01","article-title":"Work Environment, Governance and Service Quality in Japanese Healthcare","volume":"1","author":"Pestoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zarz\u0105dzanie Publiczne"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navajas-Romero, V., Ceular-Villamandos, N., P\u00e9rez-Priego, M.A., and Caridad-L\u00f3pez del R\u00edo, L. (2022). Sustainable Human Resource Management the Mediating Role between Work Engagement and Teamwork Performance. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271134"}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/18\/3\/173\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:56:39Z","timestamp":1760028999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/18\/3\/173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["a18030173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a18030173","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]}}}