{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T06:41:42Z","timestamp":1772001702176,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RRP\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan\u2014and the European Next Generation EU Funds, within the scope of the Mobilizing Agendas for Reindustrialization","award":["C644866286-00000011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866286-00000011"]}]},{"name":"RRP\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan\u2014and the European Next Generation EU Funds, within the scope of the Mobilizing Agendas for Reindustrialization","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"RRP\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan\u2014and the European Next Generation EU Funds, within the scope of the Mobilizing Agendas for Reindustrialization","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds from the FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["C644866286-00000011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866286-00000011"]}]},{"name":"national funds from the FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds from the FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proper management of water resources in agriculture is of utmost importance for sustainable productivity, especially under the current context of climate change. However, many smart agriculture systems, including for managing irrigation, involve costly, complex tools for most farmers, especially small\/medium-scale producers, despite the availability of user-friendly and community-accessible tools supported by well-established providers (e.g., Google). Hence, this paper proposes an irrigation management system integrating low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) sensors with community-accessible cloud-based data management tools. Specifically, it resorts to sensors managed by an ESP32 development board to monitor several agroclimatic parameters and employs Google Sheets for data handling, visualization, and decision support, assisting operators in carrying out proper irrigation procedures. To ensure reproducibility for both digital experts but mainly non-technical professionals, a comprehensive set of guidelines is provided for the assembly and configuration of the proposed irrigation management system, aiming to promote a democratized dissemination of key technical knowledge within a do-it-yourself (DIY) paradigm. As part of this contribution, a market survey identified numerous e-commerce platforms that offer the required components at competitive prices, enabling the system to be affordably replicated. Furthermore, an irrigation management prototype was tested in a real production environment, consisting of a 2.4-hectare yellow kiwi orchard managed by an association of producers from July to September 2021. Significant resource reductions were achieved by using low-cost IoT devices for data acquisition and the capabilities of accessible online tools like Google Sheets. Specifically, for this study, irrigation periods were reduced by 62.50% without causing water deficits detrimental to the crops\u2019 development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a18090563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T09:51:21Z","timestamp":1757065881000},"page":"563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Democratizing IoT for Smart Irrigation: A Cost-Effective DIY Solution Proposal Evaluated in an Actinidia Orchard"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3111-7199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Pascoal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Telmo","family":"Ad\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Centre\/LASI, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9567-1848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Chojka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Centre\/LASI, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8943-9594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Department, kiwiCoop\u2014Cooperativa Frut\u00edcola Da Bairrada, Crl, 3770-068 Oliveira do Bairro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2440-9153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2010.11.003","article-title":"Impacts and adaptation of European crop production systems to climate change","volume":"34","author":"Olesen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. 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