{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T12:53:31Z","timestamp":1773060811279,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]],"date-time":"2024-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007434","name":"4NoPRESSURE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Actuators"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental factors, such as pressure and temperature, are known to contribute to the formation of ulcers that seriously affect bedridden individuals. Researchers have proposed several technologies to achieve the long-term monitoring of those parameters, usually relying on sensing mats, which poses difficulties in correlating the measurements with specific parts of the body. In this work, we aim to develop microsensors to be integrated into patient clothing. They should be highly flexible, thin with a small footprint, and can be achieved by taking advantage of the microfabrication on polyimide (PI) thin-film substrates (total device thicknesses below 30 \u00b5m). Both resistive and capacitance transduction mechanisms were explored, targeting operation ranges of 1 to 40 kPa and 24 to 42 \u00b0C. The sensors were integrated into textiles using silicone elastomers and electrical connections based on conductive silver yarn. The experimental characterization showed a nominal capacitance of 21 pF, a sensitivity of \u22128.44 fF\/kPa for the pressure sensors, and a 0.0021 \u03a9\/\u03a9\u00b0C sensitivity of the temperature sensor (with resistance of 29 k\u03a9 at 22 \u00b0C). The proposed approach can potentially be implemented not only in wearable devices but also in many other applications for health monitoring or human\u2013machine interfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/act13010042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T06:49:31Z","timestamp":1705906171000},"page":"42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Flexible Pressure and Temperature Microsensors for Textile-Integrated Wearables"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dimitri Emmanuel","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INL\u2014International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS), UMinho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Bento","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INL\u2014International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas Sofia","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INL\u2014International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3282-0826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INL\u2014International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1620-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INL\u2014International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2825-1672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Sotgiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INL\u2014International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2460-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u00e7a","family":"Minas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS), UMinho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, 4800-122 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bou\u00e7anova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Impetus S.A., 4740-696 Barqueiros, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5172-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa Mendes","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3303-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Fangueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fibrenamics, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8231-8279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Salgueiro-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3004-011 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8969-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alar","family":"Ainla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INL\u2014International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3439-8235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Serra Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INL\u2014International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3877-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosana","family":"Alves Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INL\u2014International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16260","article-title":"Risk Factors for Pressure Ulcers in Adult Patients: A Meta-analysis on Sociodemographic Factors and the Braden Scale","volume":"32","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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