{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:33:11Z","timestamp":1775838791321,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04057\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04057\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/05549:2Ai"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05549:2Ai"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/05549:2Ai"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05549:2Ai"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["2022.09053.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.09053.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"DEP project","award":["UIDB\/04057\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04057\/2020"]}]},{"name":"DEP project","award":["UIDB\/05549:2Ai"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05549:2Ai"]}]},{"name":"DEP project","award":["UIDP\/05549:2Ai"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05549:2Ai"]}]},{"name":"DEP project","award":["2022.09053.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.09053.PTDC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Actuators"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A multitude of factors, including accidents, chronic illnesses, and conflicts, contribute to rising global amputation rates. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 57.7 million people lived with traumatic limb amputations in 2017, with many lacking access to affordable prostheses. This study presents a preliminary framework for a low-cost, electromyography (EMG)-controlled upper limb prosthesis, integrating 3D printing and EMG sensors to enhance accessibility and functionality. Surface electrodes capture bioelectric signals from muscle contractions, processed via an Arduino Uno to actuate a one-degree-of-freedom (1-DoF) prosthetic hand. Preliminary results demonstrate reliable detection of muscle contractions (threshold = 7 ADC units, ~34 mV) and motor actuation with a response time of ~150 ms, offering a cost-effective alternative to commercial systems. While limited to basic movements, this design lays the groundwork for scalable, user-centered prosthetics. Future work will incorporate multi-DoF control, AI-driven signal processing, and wireless connectivity to improve precision and usability, advancing rehabilitation technology for amputees in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/act14050219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1745912976000},"page":"219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Design and Development of an EMG Upper Limb Controlled Prosthesis: A Preliminary Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Design, Media and Culture, School of Design, Polytechnic University of C\u00e1vado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Ai, School of Technology, IPCA, Campus of IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Associate Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4658-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Ai, School of Technology, IPCA, Campus of IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Associate Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-6115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dem\u00e9trio","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Design, Media and Culture, School of Design, Polytechnic University of C\u00e1vado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364620972258","article-title":"Global prevalence of traumatic non-fatal limb amputation","volume":"45","author":"McDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prosthet. 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Lett."}],"container-title":["Actuators"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0825\/14\/5\/219\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:24:04Z","timestamp":1760030644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0825\/14\/5\/219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["act14050219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/act14050219","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]}}}