{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T17:17:50Z","timestamp":1772558270700,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adhesives"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly deformable adhesive materials are increasingly employed in engineering applications where flexibility, energy dissipation and damage tolerance are required. The mechanical characterisation of these materials, however, presents significant challenges due to their pronounced non-linear behaviour, large deformations, and, in many cases, time-dependent effects. This paper provides a critical review of experimental, constitutive and numerical approaches used for the characterisation of highly deformable adhesive materials, considered here as bulk materials independently of a specific joint configuration. The review covers mechanical testing methods under large strains, hyperelastic and visco-hyperelastic constitutive models, and the application of fracture mechanics concepts and numerical techniques as exploratory tools for material analysis and comparison. Particular attention is given to the capabilities and limitations of the different approaches, their domains of applicability and the assumptions involved in their use. By highlighting current practices, open challenges and recent developments, this work aims to support the selection of appropriate characterisation methodologies and modelling strategies for highly deformable adhesive materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/adhesives2010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T15:15:29Z","timestamp":1772550929000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterisation Methods for Highly Deformable Adhesive Materials: A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1954-6743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Sim\u00f3n Portillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Institute of Elche (I3E), Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche-Alicante, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4376-5033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Cuadrado Sempere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Institute of Elche (I3E), Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche-Alicante, Spain"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Andr\u00e9","family":"de Sousa Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7520-8522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"S\u00e1nchez Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Institute of Elche (I3E), Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche-Alicante, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3272-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Filipe Martins da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2010.482440","article-title":"Comparison of the mechanical behaviour between stiff and flexible adhesive joints for the automotive industry","volume":"86","author":"Loureiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burchardt, B. (2010). Advances in polyurethane structural adhesives. Advances in Structural Adhesive Bonding, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845698058.1.35"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Dillard, D.A. (2010). Advances in Structural Adhesive Bonding, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2017.03.017","article-title":"Assessment of hyperelastic material models for the application of adhesive point-fixings between glass and metal","volume":"77","author":"Dispersyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maggiore, S., Banea, M.D., Stagnaro, P., and Luciano, G. (2021). A review of structural adhesive joints in hybrid joining processes. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13223961"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"488","article-title":"A review on the temperature and moisture degradation of adhesive joints","volume":"231","author":"Viana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L J. Mater. Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, L.F.M., and Campilho, R.D.S.G. (2012). Advances in numerical modelling of adhesive joints. Advances in Numerical Modeling of Adhesive Joints, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23608-2"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-0618(90)90042-Y","article-title":"Polyurethane adhesives","volume":"4","author":"Strobech","year":"1990","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3844\/ajeassp.2010.232.239","article-title":"A Review of Constitutive Models for Rubber-Like Materials","volume":"3","author":"Ali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramezani, M., and Ripin, Z. (2012). Rubber-Pad Forming Processes: Technology and Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095497"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7825(77)90023-8","article-title":"The virtual crack extension method for nonlinear material behavior","volume":"12","author":"Parks","year":"1977","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacarbonara, W. (2013). Nonlinear Structural Mechanics: Theory, Dynamical Phenomena and Modeling, Springer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1276-3"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00466-009-0407-2","article-title":"Bergstr\u00f6m-Boyce model for nonlinear finite rubber viscoelasticity: Theoretical aspects and algorithmic treatment for the FE method","volume":"44","author":"Dal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Mech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1712836","article-title":"A theory of large elastic deformation","volume":"11","author":"Mooney","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaves, E.W.V. (2013). Notes on Continuum Mechanics, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5986-2"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, I.M., and Sweeney, J. (2012). The Behaviour in the Rubber-Like State: Finite Strain Elasticity. Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers, Wiley-Interscience.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119967125.ch3"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.24255","article-title":"Constitutive modeling of isotropic hyperelastic materials using proposed phenomenological models in terms of strain invariants","volume":"56","author":"Bahreman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00419-012-0610-z","article-title":"Hyperelastic models for rubber-like materials: Consistent tangent operators and suitability for Treloar\u2019s data","volume":"82","author":"Steinmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3547969","article-title":"Comparison of hyperelastic models for rubber-like materials","volume":"79","author":"Marckmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3546701","article-title":"Stress-Strain Data for Vulcanized Rubber under Various Types of Deformation","volume":"17","author":"Treloar","year":"1944","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2013.10.006","article-title":"An approach for hyperelastic model-building and parameters estimation a review of constitutive models","volume":"50","author":"Beda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2018.1562347","article-title":"Modelling of bonded joints with flexible adhesives","volume":"95","author":"Chiminelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-012-0099-y","article-title":"A comparison among Neo-Hookean model, Mooney-Rivlin model, and Ogden model for Chloroprene rubber","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2005). Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastic\u2014Determination of Tensile Stress-Strain Properties (Standard No. ISO 37:2005)."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213427","DOI":"10.1117\/12.7972925","article-title":"Digital Imaging Techniques in Experimental Stress Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Peters","year":"1982","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreier, H., Orteu, J.J., and Sutton, M.A. (2009). Image correlation for shape, motion and deformation measurements: Basic concepts, theory and applications. Image Correlation for Shape, Motion and Deformation Measurements: Basic Concepts, Theory and Applications, Springer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78747-3"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-7496(03)00006-X","article-title":"Measurements and models for design with modern adhesives","volume":"23","author":"Duncan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2012.11.005","article-title":"Comparison of simple and pure shear for an incompressible isotropic hyperelastic material under large deformation","volume":"32","author":"Moreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2018.02.029","article-title":"Characterisation and FE simulation of polyurethane elastic bonded joints under multiaxial loading conditions","volume":"83","author":"Amstutz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, R. (2006). Physical Testing of Rubber, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-29012-5"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"015015","article-title":"Equi-biaxial tension tests on magneto-rheological elastomers You may also like Investigation of dynamic properties of isotropic and anisotropic magnetorheological elastomers with a hybrid magnet shear test rig","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3538686","article-title":"Review of methods to characterize rubber elastic behavior for use in finite element analysis","volume":"67","author":"Charlton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1021\/ma50002a032","article-title":"Experimental Survey of the Strain Energy Density Function of Isoprene Rubber Vulcanizate","volume":"14","author":"Kawabata","year":"1981","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3538628","article-title":"The Elasticity of Rubber","volume":"65","author":"Rivlin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Holzapfel, G.A. (2000). Nonlinear Solid Mechanics: A Continuum Approach for Engineering, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anandan, S., Lim, C.Y., Anggraini, V., and Raghunandan, M.E. (2020). Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Oil Palm Shell Reinforced Rubber Composites. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12020314"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"379","article-title":"Large elastic deformations of isotropic materials IV. further developments of the general theory","volume":"241","author":"Rivlin","year":"1948","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. Ser. A Math. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3538289","article-title":"Characterization of elastic properties of carbon-black-filled rubber vulcanizates","volume":"63","author":"Yeoh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3538343","article-title":"Some Forms of the Strain Energy Function for Rubber","volume":"66","author":"Yeoh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"565","article-title":"Large deformation isotropic elasticity\u2014On the correlation of theory and experiment for incompressible rubberlike solids","volume":"326","author":"Ogden","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London. A. Math. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m, J. (2015). Mechanics of Solid Polymers: Theory and Computational Modeling, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1093\/jom\/ufab013","article-title":"Characterizing the hyper-viscoelastic behavior of adhesive films","volume":"37","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mech."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2024.118511","article-title":"Mechanical characterisation and high temperature analysis of hyperelastic adhesives\u2013Modelling and experimental validation","volume":"348","author":"Marques","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3546914","article-title":"Effect of Stretching on the Properties of Rubber","volume":"21","author":"Mullins","year":"1948","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3540224","article-title":"Molecular Basis for The Mullins Effect","volume":"34","author":"Bueche","year":"1961","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1961.070051504","article-title":"Mullins effect and rubber\u2013filler interaction\u2020","volume":"5","author":"Bueche","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3539210","article-title":"Softening of Rubber by Deformation","volume":"42","author":"Mullins","year":"1969","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2024.105650","article-title":"Experiments and modeling of the coupled viscoelasticity and Mullins effect in filled rubber materials","volume":"188","author":"Alkhoury","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1999.0431","article-title":"A pseudo-elastic model for the Mullins effect in filled rubber","volume":"455","author":"Ogden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10338-023-00460-6","article-title":"A Review on the Mullins Effect in Tough Elastomers and Gels","volume":"37","author":"Zhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Solida Sin."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnonlinmec.2023.104500","article-title":"Extending the theory of pseudo-elasticity to capture the permanent set and the induced anisotropy in the Mullins effect","volume":"156","author":"Akbari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Non-Linear Mech."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1625","article-title":"Creep behaviour of adhesively bonded joints (review)","volume":"238","author":"Neto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L J. Mater. Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2024.105797","article-title":"Intrinsic fracture toughness of a soft viscoelastic adhesive","volume":"192","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.67.457","article-title":"Instability in dynamic fracture","volume":"67","author":"Fineberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Alvarez Rodr\u00edguez, A., Soroeta Liceras, J., Subijana Zunzunegui, I.J., Rold\u00e1n Barbero, J., Acale S\u00e1nchez, M., and Alcaide Fern\u00e1ndez, J. (2002). Mec\u00e1nica de Fractura, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco, Servicio Editorial."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva, L.F.M., and \u00d6chsner, A. (2008). Modeling of adhesively bonded joints. Modeling of Adhesively Bonded Joints, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79056-3"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"273","article-title":"Analysis of the Crack Growth Behavior in a Double Cantilever Beam Adhesive Fracture Test using Digital Image Processing Techniques","volume":"42","author":"Marques","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Und Werkst."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7683(02)00344-X","article-title":"The Effects of Geometry and Material Properties on the Fracture of Single Lap-Shear Joints","volume":"39","author":"Kafkalidis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2014.03.005","article-title":"Experimental and numerical analysis of mode II fracture between propellant and insulation","volume":"52","author":"Niu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2015.09.003","article-title":"Characterising bonded joints with a thick and flexible adhesive layer\u2013Part 1: Fracture testing and behaviour","volume":"63","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1177\/002199838602000606","article-title":"On the Analysis and Design of the End Notched Flexure (ENF) Specimen for Mode II Testing","volume":"20","author":"Carlsson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1921.0006","article-title":"The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids","volume":"221","author":"Griffith","year":"1921","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.01.025","article-title":"Fracture toughness determination of adhesive and co-cured joints in natural fibre composites","volume":"50","author":"Campilho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2005.08.014","article-title":"L Numerical analysis of the ENF test for mode II wood fracture","volume":"37","author":"Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/843\/1\/012008","article-title":"Fracture toughness in Mode I (GIC) for ductile adhesives","volume":"843","author":"Carbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"544","article-title":"Unstable crack propagation in metals: Cleavage and fast fracture","volume":"273","author":"Wells","year":"1961","journal-title":"Crack Propag. Symp."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3601206","article-title":"A-Path-Independent-Integral-and-the-Approximate @ asmedigitalcollection","volume":"35","author":"Rice","year":"1968","journal-title":"asme.org. J. Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2010.04.021","article-title":"Investigation of fracture resistance of natural rubber\/clay nanocomposites by J-testing","volume":"77","author":"Ramorino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"108009","article-title":"Crack propagation at the interface between viscoelastic and elastic materials","volume":"257","author":"Ciavarella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.1953.120100303","article-title":"Rupture of rubber. I. Characteristic energy for tearing","volume":"10","author":"Rivlin","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3538688","article-title":"The Development of Fracture Mechanics for Elastomers","volume":"67","author":"Thomas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"656","article-title":"Evaluation of tearing energy of elastomer materials","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"KGK Kautsch. Gummi Kunststoffe"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2020.106508","article-title":"On the experimental measurement of fracture toughness in SENT rubber specimens","volume":"87","author":"Agnelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2022.103253","article-title":"J integral and local strain energy density approach to characterize the cracks in anisotropic hyperelastic skin type composite materials","volume":"118","author":"Baranwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5096(68)90013-6","article-title":"Plane strain deformation near a crack tip in a power-law hardening material","volume":"16","author":"Rice","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00570380","article-title":"A generalized theory of fracture mechanics","volume":"9","author":"Andrews","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7944(96)00046-X","article-title":"Evaluation of the energy parameter J on rubber-like materials: Comparison between experimental and numerical results","volume":"55","author":"Hocine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007520003294","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigation on single specimen methods of determination of J in rubber materials","volume":"94","author":"Hocine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Fract."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020967429222","article-title":"Fracture problems of rubbers: J-integral estimation based upon \u03b7 factors and an investigation on the strain energy density distribution as a local criterion","volume":"117","author":"Hocine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Fract."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-7944(89)90213-0","article-title":"Single specimen test method for determining fracture energy (Jc) of highly deformable materials","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3536163","article-title":"Effect of Carbon Black on the J-Integral and Strain Energy in the Crack Tip Region in a Vulcanized Natural Rubber","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2018.11.026","article-title":"The effects of initial crack length on fracture characterization of rubbers using the J-Integral approach","volume":"73","author":"Torabizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.5254\/rct.13.87948","article-title":"Review of the energy limiters approach to modeling failure of rubber","volume":"86","author":"Volokh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2023.108160","article-title":"Quasi-static crack propagation in soft materials using the material-sink theory","volume":"248","author":"Jabareen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1520\/STP33943S","article-title":"A Fracture Mechanics Approach to Creep Crack Growth","volume":"590","author":"Landes","year":"1976","journal-title":"Mech. Crack Growth"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00018384","article-title":"Influence of damage on crack-tip fields under small-scale-creep conditions","volume":"42","author":"Bassani","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Fract."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10704-017-0230-2","article-title":"A theoretical and computational framework for studying creep crack growth","volume":"208","author":"Elmukashfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Fract."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Elmukashfi, E., and Kroon, M. (2013, January 16\u201321). Numerical modeling and analysis of dynamic crack propagation in rubber. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Fracture 2013, ICF 2013, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Dassault Syst\u00e8mes Simulia Corp (2025, October 08). ABAQUS 6.14 User Documentation. Available online: http:\/\/62.108.178.35:2080\/v6.14\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., Tang, Z., and Hong, X. (2021). Inverse Parameter Identification for Hyperelastic Model of a polyurea. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13142253"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-024-10200-9","article-title":"Finite Element Model Updating for Material Model Calibration: A Review and Guide to Practice","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Anderson, T.L. (1995). Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, CRC Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/eb023678","article-title":"Non-Linear fracture mechanics and finite elements","volume":"4","author":"Hellen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2022.107205","article-title":"Cohesive zone modeling in load\u2013unload situations","volume":"222","author":"Torres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"434","article-title":"The Formation of Equilibrium Cracks During Brittle Fracture. General Ideas and Hypotheses. Axially-Symmetric Cracks","volume":"23","author":"Babenblatt","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Appl. Math. Mech."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5096(60)90013-2","article-title":"Yielding of steel sheets containing slits","volume":"8","author":"Dugdale","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3173064","article-title":"A Continuum Model for Void Nucleation by Inclusion Debonding","volume":"54","author":"Needleman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2004.09.011","article-title":"Cohesive zone modeling of interface fracture in elastic bi-materials","volume":"72","author":"Jin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2022.103336","article-title":"A customized shear traction separation law for cohesive zone modelling of creep loaded ENF adhesive joints","volume":"119","author":"Neto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5096(90)90001-K","article-title":"An analysis of tensile decohesion along an interface","volume":"38","author":"Needleman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5096(94)90003-5","article-title":"Numerical simulations of fast crack growth in brittle solids","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2011.08.010","article-title":"Cohesive zone criterion for cracking along the Cu\/Si interface in nanoscale components","volume":"78","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2010.03.029","article-title":"Applications of normal stress dominated cohesive zone models for mixed-mode crack simulation based on extended finite element methods","volume":"78","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7944(02)00013-9","article-title":"An analysis of crack growth in thin-sheet metal via a cohesive zone model","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2019.01.024","article-title":"An extended polygonal finite element method for large deformation fracture analysis","volume":"209","author":"Huynh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.2259","article-title":"A corrected XFEM approximation without problems in blending elements","volume":"75","author":"Fries","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"705","article-title":"Assessment of the applicability of XFEM in Abaqus for modeling crack growth in rubber","volume":"2","author":"Gigliotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2022.108894","article-title":"A phase field solution for modelling hyperelastic material and hydrogel fracture in ABAQUS","volume":"276","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2018.09.023","article-title":"A complex-variable virtual crack extension finite element method for elastic-plastic fracture mechanics","volume":"202","author":"Montoya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2022.111425","article-title":"Tearing energy calculation in hyperelastic fracture mechanics using the local and global complex-variable finite element method","volume":"239\u2013240","author":"Ytuarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."}],"container-title":["Adhesives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/3042-6081\/2\/1\/6\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:01:09Z","timestamp":1772553669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/3042-6081\/2\/1\/6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["adhesives2010006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/adhesives2010006","relation":{},"ISSN":["3042-6081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3042-6081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]}}}