{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T13:20:09Z","timestamp":1774704009269,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04928\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04928\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Administrative Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study seeks to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how leaders with coaching skills can affect an individual\u2019s turnover intention through the mediating role of happiness. The sample includes 271 individuals from diverse organizations. Based on a survey, employees assessed their leaders\u2019 coaching skills and reported their own happiness and turnover intention. The findings demonstrate that leaders\u2019 coaching skills have a negative impact on employees\u2019 turnover intention and a positive impact on their happiness, with the latter mediating the relationship between the first two variables. Organizations should note that a leader\u2019s coaching skills are useful not only for the employee\u2019s happiness, but also for avoiding turnover intention; therefore, organizations should encourage leaders to integrate more coaching skills into their leadership styles. The identification of an employee\u2019s happiness as a mediator of the relationship between a leader\u2019s coaching skills and employees\u2019 turnover intention is an original contribution, thereby extending previous research over these topics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci12030084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T11:32:23Z","timestamp":1658143943000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Impact of Leaders\u2019 Coaching Skills on Employees\u2019 Happiness and Turnover Intention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Soraia","family":"Rom\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena-Alto Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1228-2522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neuza","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Applied Research in Management and Economics (CARME), School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena-Alto Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniel Roque","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ICNOVA\u2014Instituto de Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o da NOVA, 1069-061 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sharda","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Applied Research in Management and Economics (CARME), 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ICFAI Business School (IBS) in Hyderabad, Ranchi 834002, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/009102600002900303","article-title":"Turnover: The real bottom line","volume":"29","author":"Abbasi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Personnel Management"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.18052\/www.scipress.com\/ILSHS.78.18","article-title":"Expressed turnover intention: Alternate method for knowing turnover intention and eradicating common method bias","volume":"78","author":"Abid","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1460","article-title":"An Evaluation on the Factors Influencing Happiness at Working Environment in UAE Government Entities: A Literature Review","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Journal of Business and Management"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.32479\/irmm.9715","article-title":"Linking Managerial Coaching with Employees\u2019 Innovative Work Behaviors through Affective Supervisory Commitment: Evidence from Pakistan","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Review of Management and Marketing"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"253","article-title":"Examining the impact of managerial coaching on employee job performance: Mediating role of work engagement, leader-member-exchange quality, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"164","article-title":"Effect of organisational factors on employee turnover intention: An empirical study of academic professionals at Jordanian government universities","volume":"8","author":"Bourini","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Human Resource Studies"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator\u2013mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/1523422313520476","article-title":"Managerial coaching: A review of the empirical literature and development of a model to guide future practice","volume":"16","author":"Beattie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Developing Human Resources"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2","article-title":"Turnover intention influencing factors of employees: An empirical work review","volume":"7","author":"Belete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Entrepreneurship and Organization Management"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Lonner, Walter J., and Berry, John W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. Field Methods in Cross-Cultural Research, Sage Publications, Inc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.20448\/journal.518.2020.5.19.27","article-title":"Mediated Effect of Employee Job Satisfaction on Employees\u2019 Happiness at Work and Analysis of Motivational Factors: Evidence from Telecommunication Sector","volume":"5","author":"Butt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Business Research Journal"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/09585190500404614","article-title":"Determinants of individual engagement in knowledge sharing","volume":"17","author":"Cabrera","year":"2006","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.4.605","article-title":"Climate perceptions matter: A meta-analytic path analysis relating molar climate, cognitive and affective states, and individual level work outcomes","volume":"88","author":"Carr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-006-9004-7","article-title":"Happiness, rationality, autonomy and the good life","volume":"8","author":"Chekola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.4.909","article-title":"Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: A meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance","volume":"92","author":"Colquitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Cox, Elaine, Bachkirova, Tatiana, and Clutterbuck, David A. (2014). The Complete Handbook of Coaching, Sage. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/a010564","article-title":"Measures of five aspects of affective well-being at work","volume":"53","author":"Daniels","year":"2000","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"John F., Helliwell, Richard, Layard, and Jeffrey D., Sachs (2017). Happiness at Work. World Happiness Report, Available online: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2943318."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.21799","article-title":"Reducing organizational politics in performance appraisal: The role of coaching leaders for age-diverse employees","volume":"56","author":"Miraglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Resource Management"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Lewis, Michael, and Haviland, Jeannette M. (1993). The subjective experience of emotional wellbeing. Handbook of Emotions, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675749","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.675749","article-title":"Authentic Leadership and Improved Individual Performance: Affective Commitment and Individual Creativity\u2019s Sequential Mediation","volume":"12","author":"Duarte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/joop.12021","article-title":"Supportive supervisors and managerial coaching: Exploring their intersections","volume":"3","author":"Ellinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Faustino, Catarina Mafalda Santos (2017). A influ\u00eancia das compet\u00eancias de coaching do l\u00edder no empenhamento afetivo e desempenho dos colaboradores. [Master\u2019s dissertation, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passmore, Jonathan, and Tee, David (2020). Does coaching work or are we asking the wrong question?. Coaching Researched: A Coaching Psychology Reader, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119656913"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2009.00270.x","article-title":"Happiness at work","volume":"12","author":"Fisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Management Reviews"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2019.1606214","article-title":"Predicting turnover intention among auditors: Is WIPL a mediator?","volume":"40","author":"Gim","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Service Industries Journal"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"166","article-title":"The effects of coaching in employees and organizational performance: The Spanish Case","volume":"11","author":"Grande","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intangible Capital"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"61","article-title":"Comparing problem-focused, solution-focused and combined problem-focused\/solution-focused coaching approach: Solution-focused coaching questions mitigate the negative impact of dysfunctional attitudes","volume":"13","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1108\/JMD-01-2013-0001","article-title":"Measuring coaching: Behavioral and skill-based managerial coaching scales","volume":"34","author":"Hagen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Management Development"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/13678860600893524","article-title":"Coaching at the heart of managerial effectiveness: A cross-cultural study of managerial behaviours","volume":"9","author":"Hamlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Human Resource Development International"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"22","article-title":"The leader coach: A model of multi-style leadership","volume":"4","author":"Harper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Practical Consulting"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Hernandez, Francisco Alcaide (2003). Ra\u00edces hist\u00f3ricas del coaching (tr\u00eas referencias antropol\u00f3gicas: S\u00f3crates, Plat\u00f3n y Arist\u00f3teles. MV Elorza (Coord.). Coaching Directivo: Desarrolando el Liderazgo-Fundamentos e Pr\u00e1ctica de Coaching, Editorial Ariel."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.21311","article-title":"Exploring factors influencing employees\u2019 impression management feedback-seeking behavior: The role of managerial coaching skills and affective trust","volume":"29","author":"Hsieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human Resource Development Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2014.940993","article-title":"Supervisors as good coaches: Influences of coaching on employees\u2019 in-role behaviors and proactive career behaviors","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Jo\u00e3o, Maggie (2018). Coaching, Lua de Papel. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1108\/01437731011069999","article-title":"Career satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention","volume":"32","author":"Joo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leadership and Organization Development Journal"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.09.129","article-title":"The effects of managerial coaching behaviors on the employees\u2019 perception of job satisfaction, organisational commitment, and job performance: Case study on insurance industry in Turkey","volume":"150","author":"Kalkavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.21175","article-title":"Assessing the influence of managerial coaching on employee outcomes","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Resource Development Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S2212-5671(15)00491-8","article-title":"Coaching across organizational culture","volume":"23","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Economics and Finance"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"17","article-title":"Employee Retention Strategies: An Empirical Research","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Journal of Management and Business Research"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"39","article-title":"Coaching no processo de desenvolvimento individual e organizacional","volume":"25","author":"Lange","year":"2014","journal-title":"Di\u00e1logo"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/14783360903561779","article-title":"Leadership behaviour in successful organisations: Universal or situation-dependent?","volume":"21","author":"Larsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Total Quality Management"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/13678868.2018.1530170","article-title":"Supervisory coaching and performance feedback as mediators of the relationships between leadership styles, work engagement, and turnover intention","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Resource Development International"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.53841\/bpsicpr.2010.5.1.36","article-title":"Developmental coaching: Business benefit\u2013fact or fad? An evaluative study to explore the impact of coaching in the workplace","volume":"5","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Coaching Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jm.2004.04.001","article-title":"Eight motivational forces and voluntary turnover: A theoretical synthesis with implications for research","volume":"30","author":"Maertz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.1131","article-title":"Development and initial validation of an instrument measuring managerial coaching skill","volume":"16","author":"McLean","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Resource Development Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, John P., and Allen, Natalie J. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace Theory, Research, and Application, SAGE publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452231556"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2307\/257255","article-title":"Some unanswered questions in turnover and withdrawal research","volume":"7","author":"Mobley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.493","article-title":"Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process","volume":"86","author":"Mobley","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Mullins, Laurie J. (2007). Management and Organisational Behaviour, Pearson education."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1108\/00197850110405018","article-title":"Executive coaching: The route to business stardom","volume":"33","year":"2001","journal-title":"Industrial and Commercial Training"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"49","article-title":"A review of the literature on employee turnover","volume":"1","author":"Ongori","year":"2007","journal-title":"African Journal of Business Management"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Park, Sohee, Yang, Baiyin, and McLean, Gary N. (, January February). An Examination of Relationships between Managerial Coaching and Employee Development. Paper presented at the Academy of Human Resource Development International Research Conference in the Americas, Panama City, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pel\u00e1ez Zuberb\u00fchler, Mar\u00eda Josefina, Calcagni, Cristi\u00e1n Coo, Mart\u00ednez, Isabel M., and Salanova, Marisa (2021). Development and validation of the coaching-based leadership scale and its relationship with psychological capital, work engagement, and performance. Current Psychology, 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-01460-w"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"24","article-title":"Coaching: Una nueva perspectiva organizacional","volume":"1","author":"Perez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista Cient\u00edfica e-Locu\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-6813(96)90051-8","article-title":"How to fail in project management (without really trying)","volume":"39","author":"Pinto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Business Horizons"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/014920638601200408","article-title":"Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects","volume":"12","author":"Podsakoff","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pryce-Jones, Jessica (2010). Happiness at Work: Maximizing Your Psychological Capital for Success, Wiley-Blackwell. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470666845"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-009-0197-7","article-title":"Perceptions of organizational virtuousness and happiness as predictors of organizational citizenship behaviors","volume":"93","author":"Rego","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-10-2018-0373","article-title":"How managerial coaching promotes employees\u2019 affective commitment and individual performance","volume":"70","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/lia.1156","article-title":"Leader coaches: Principles and issues for in-house development","volume":"26","author":"Riddle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leadership in Action: A Publication of the Center for Creative Leadership and Jossey-Bass"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.10.044","article-title":"The human side of leadership: Inspirational leadership effects on follower characteristics and happiness at work (HAW)","volume":"107","author":"Simone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWHM-06-2017-0048","article-title":"The relationship between authentic leaders and employees\u2019 creativity. What is the role of affective commitment and job resourcefulness?","volume":"11","author":"Semedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Workplace Health Management"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.2307\/256939","article-title":"An organization-level analysis of voluntary and involuntary turnover","volume":"41","author":"Shaw","year":"1998","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of the relationship between leadership styles and turnover intention within small medium enterprise in Malaysia","volume":"1","author":"Siew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Arts and Social Sciences"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, Lu\u00eds Miguel Alves (2020). A rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre lideran\u00e7a respons\u00e1vel e os comportamentos individuais no trabalho: O papel compromisso afetivo. [Ph.D. dissertation, University Institute of Lisbon]."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2307\/270723","article-title":"Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models","volume":"13","author":"Sobel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sociological Methodology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/jls.20059","article-title":"Leadership competencies: An exploratory study of what is important now and what has changed since the terrorist attacks of 9\/11","volume":"2","author":"Sparks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Leadership Studies"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.53841\/bpsicpr.2007.2.2.191","article-title":"Coaching: A process of personal and social meaning making","volume":"2","author":"Stelter","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Coaching Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Linking Managerial Coaching and Leader\u2013Member Exchange on Work Engagement and Performance","volume":"4","author":"Tanskanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1993.tb00874.x","article-title":"Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings","volume":"46","author":"Tett","year":"1993","journal-title":"Personnel Psychology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valar, Adriano, Valar, Nilva Rech, Bernardi, Fl\u00e1via Camargo, Biegelmeyer, Uiliam Hahn, Camargo, Maria Emilia, and das Neves, Maiara Silva (2020). Coaching e lideran\u00e7a no setor banc\u00e1rio: Estudo em uma ag\u00eancia de um banco p\u00fablico. Revista Destaques Acad\u00eamicos, 12.","DOI":"10.22410\/issn.2176-3070.v12i1a2020.2310"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Vit\u00f3ria, Andreia Tatiana, and Rego, J. Arm\u00e9nio (2010). Lideran\u00e7a aut\u00eantica, emo\u00e7\u00f5es positivas, empenhamento\u2013estudo emp\u00edrico. [Ph.D. dissertation, University of Aveiro]."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/1069072717751441","article-title":"Does happiness promote career success? Revisiting the evidence","volume":"26","author":"Walsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Career Assessment"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1037\/1061-4087.55.2.94","article-title":"Executive coaching: An outcome study","volume":"55","author":"Wasylyshyn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Whitmore, John (2002). Coaching for Performance, Nicholas Brealey Publishing. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1","article-title":"Employees\u2019 turnover intention and behavioral outcomes: The role of work engagement","volume":"48","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-8583.12280","article-title":"Managerial coaching and subordinates\u2019 workplace well-being: A moderated mediation study","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Resource Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"30","article-title":"Influence of managerial coaching on organisational performance","volume":"13","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice"}],"container-title":["Administrative Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3387\/12\/3\/84\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:53:10Z","timestamp":1760140390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3387\/12\/3\/84"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["admsci12030084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/admsci12030084","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3387"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3387","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]}}}