{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T18:51:14Z","timestamp":1779130274664,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portugal\u2019s Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["57\/2016\/CP1359\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57\/2016\/CP1359\/CT0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Administrative Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leadership is crucial in organizational life. Positive leadership is marked by transparent, trust-based leader\u2013follower relationships that significantly boost employees\u2019 dedication and engagement. Work engagement stems from a positive bond between workers, their job, and their organization. Authentic leadership, in particular, has been found to enhance work engagement, but this relationship is quite complex. Prior studies have explored the psychological processes linking organizational context and work-related attitudes and provided intriguing insights, such as that employees consider work to be part of their identity and that positive work experiences enrich family life. This research more closely examined authentic leadership\u2019s impact on work engagement, including the mediating effect of meaningful work and work\u2013family enrichment. A cross-sectional study was conducted with data from various organizations\u2019 employees (number = 292). Multiple regression analyses\u2019 results support the theoretical model, confirming a significant positive link between perceived authentic leadership and work engagement. These variables are directly and indirectly related through the proposed mediators. Implications for human resource management are discussed, especially strategies that increase work environments\u2019 positive impacts on work engagement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci13100219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T12:46:13Z","timestamp":1697114773000},"page":"219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["How Does Authentic Leadership Boost Work Engagement? Exploring the Mediating Role of Work Meaningfulness and Work\u2013Family Enrichment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5158-8815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor Hugo","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos sobre a Mudan\u00e7a Socioecon\u00f3mica e Territ\u00f3rio (DIN\u00c2MIA\u2019CET), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"HEI-Lab\u2014Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7066-3956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Patr\u00edcia","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Research Unit (BRU-IUL), ISCTE-IUL, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana Palmeira","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISCTE-IUL, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, Eman (2023). A systematic review of authentic leadership literature in educational research from 1997 to 2021. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 1\u201339.","DOI":"10.1177\/17411432221120467"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Argenti, Paul (2003). Corporate Communication, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2005.03.001","article-title":"Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership","volume":"16","author":"Avolio","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2004.09.003","article-title":"Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors","volume":"15","author":"Avolio","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"45","article-title":"Authentic leadership and organizational culture as drivers of employees\u2019 job satisfaction","volume":"29","author":"Azanza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revista de Psicolog\u00eda Del Trabajo y de Las Organizaciones"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.75.5.547","article-title":"Assessing method variance in multitrait\u2013multimethod matrices: The case of self-reported affect and perceptions at work","volume":"75","author":"Bagozzi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940710733115","article-title":"The job demands-resources model: State of the art","volume":"22","author":"Bakker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Psychology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2834.2012.01399.x","article-title":"The influence of authentic leadership and areas of worklife on work engagement of registered nurses","volume":"21","author":"Bamford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Management"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.33200\/ijcer.767560","article-title":"The relationship between authentic leadership and work engagement","volume":"7","author":"Kiral","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730421","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.730421","article-title":"Bottom-up interventions effective in promoting work engagement: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Bolander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-682X.1964.tb00583.x","article-title":"Justice in social exchange","volume":"34","author":"Blau","year":"1964","journal-title":"Sociological Inquiry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-019-09796-z","article-title":"Meaningfulness as a predictor of work-family balance, enrichment, and conflict","volume":"16","author":"Bragger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Research in Quality of Life"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-016-3078-x","article-title":"Crossover of work\u2013life balance perceptions: Does authentic leadership matter?","volume":"149","author":"Braun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2017.04.003","article-title":"Authentic leadership extends beyond work: A multilevel model of work-family conflict and enrichment","volume":"28","author":"Braun","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027974","article-title":"A resource perspective on the work\u2013home interface: The work\u2013home resources model","volume":"67","author":"Brummelhuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2011.01232.x","article-title":"The fallout from abusive supervision: An examination of subordinates and their partners","volume":"64","author":"Carlson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Personnel Psychology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2005.02.002","article-title":"Measuring the positive side of the work\u2013family interface: Development and validation of a work\u2013family enrichment scale","volume":"68","author":"Carlson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/1367886022000016785","article-title":"An emerging construct for meaningful work","volume":"6","author":"Chalofsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Human Resource Development International"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-02-2019-0271","article-title":"Authentic leadership and meaningfulness at work","volume":"59","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Management Decision"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6093","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-020-01103-6","article-title":"Deconstructing work meaningfulness: Sources and mechanisms","volume":"41","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-02-2018-0082","article-title":"Authentic leadership and creativity: The intervening role of psychological meaningfulness, safety and work engagement","volume":"67","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x","article-title":"Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance","volume":"64","author":"Christian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Personnel Psychology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206305279602","article-title":"Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review","volume":"31","author":"Cropanzano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-015-2907-7","article-title":"The moderated influence of ethical leadership, via meaningful work, on followers\u2019 engagement, organizational identification, and envy","volume":"145","author":"Demirtas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675749","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.675749","article-title":"Authentic leadership and improved individual performance: Affective commitment and individual creativity\u2019s sequential mediation","volume":"12","author":"Duarte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2005.03.007","article-title":"Achieving relational authenticity in leadership: Does gender matter?","volume":"16","author":"Eagly","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2015.09.003","article-title":"Destructive leadership causes, consequences and countermeasures","volume":"44","author":"Erickson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Organizational Dynamics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1177\/1523422311431679","article-title":"Meaningful work, employee engagement, and other key employee outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Fairlie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advances in Developing Human Resources"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Gallup (2023, July 20). State of the American Manager: Analytics and Advice for Leaders. Available online: https:\/\/www.gallup.com\/services\/182138\/state-american-manager.aspx."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2011.09.007","article-title":"Authentic leadership: A review of the literature and research agenda","volume":"22","author":"Gardner","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2021.101495","article-title":"Authentic leadership theory: The case for and against","volume":"32","author":"Gardner","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2005.03.003","article-title":"\u2018Can you see the real me?\u2019 A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development","volume":"16","author":"Gardner","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/sajip.v40i1.1098","article-title":"Meaningful work, work engagement and organisational commitment","volume":"40","author":"Geldenhuys","year":"2014","journal-title":"SA Journal of Industrial Psychology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-10-2011-0110","article-title":"Transformational leadership and work engagement","volume":"34","author":"Ghadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2834.2010.01126.x","article-title":"Authentic leadership of preceptors: Predictor of new graduate nurses\u2019 work engagement and job satisfaction","volume":"18","author":"Giallonardo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Management"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206314566461","article-title":"An investigation of authentic leadership\u2019s individual and group influences on follower responses","volume":"44","author":"Gill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2006.19379625","article-title":"When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment","volume":"31","author":"Greenhaus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.5.1.111","article-title":"Reconceptualizing the work\u2013family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family","volume":"5","author":"Grzywacz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Health Psychology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(76)90016-7","article-title":"Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory","volume":"16","author":"Hackman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Performance"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Hair, Joseph F., Black, William C., and Babin, Barry J. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective, Pearson. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Bakker, Arnold, and Leiter, Michael (2010). Work Engagement, A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513","article-title":"Conservation of resources","volume":"44","author":"Hobfoll","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2015.1025234","article-title":"Does supervisor-perceived authentic leadership influence employee work engagement through employee-perceived authentic leadership and employee trust?","volume":"26","author":"Hsieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1017\/SJP.2021.46","article-title":"Mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: Concepts, computations, and some common confusions","volume":"24","author":"Igartua","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Spanish Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2005.03.002","article-title":"Authentic leadership and eudaemonic well-being: Understanding leader\u2013follower outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Ilies","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650215613137","article-title":"Creating an engaged workforce","volume":"44","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Communication Research"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-01-2015-0005","article-title":"Enhancing work engagement","volume":"37","author":"Joo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2014.12.003","article-title":"The influence of internal communication on employee engagement: A pilot study","volume":"41","author":"Karanges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Relations Review"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-03-2020-0133","article-title":"Decent work and work\u2013family enrichment: Role of meaning at work and work engagement","volume":"71","author":"Kashyap","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2174\/1874350102013010115","article-title":"Meaningfulness of work and employee engagement: The role of affective commitment","volume":"13","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Open Psychology Journal"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1401_01","article-title":"Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem","volume":"14","author":"Kernis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.21802","article-title":"Older and more engaged: The mediating role of age-linked resources on work engagement","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Resource Management"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12290","article-title":"Work\u2013family enrichment, job satisfaction, and work engagement: The mediating role of subjective career success","volume":"72","author":"Koekemoer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206312457822","article-title":"Authentic leadership, authentic followership, basic need satisfaction, and work role performance","volume":"41","author":"Leroy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.1.114","article-title":"Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs","volume":"86","author":"Lindell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/ijtd.12210","article-title":"Effects of mentoring on work engagement: Work meaningfulness as a mediator","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Training and Development"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1108\/CDI-04-2016-0052","article-title":"Meaningful work: Differences among blue-, pink-, and white-collar occupations","volume":"21","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Career Development International"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Cameron, Kim S., Dutton, Jane E., and Quinn, Robert E. (2003). Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline, Barrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-016-3348-7","article-title":"Victim and culprit? The effects of entitlement and felt accountability on perceptions of abusive supervision and perpetration of workplace bullying","volume":"153","author":"Mackey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/24704067.2022.2155981","article-title":"The influences of authentic leadership, meaningful work, and perceived organizational support on psychological well-being of employees in sport organizations","volume":"14","author":"Mansouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Global Sport Management"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1103_2","article-title":"In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler\u2019s (1999) findings","volume":"11","author":"Marsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941211051988","article-title":"Work engagement: A meta-analysis using the job demands-resources model","volume":"126","author":"Mazzetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2012.01.007","article-title":"To be engaged or not to be engaged: The antecedents and consequences of service employee engagement","volume":"66","author":"Menguc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-02-2016-0030","article-title":"Authentic leadership and work engagement: The mediating effect of practicing core values","volume":"39","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.6023","article-title":"Bidirectional work\u2013family enrichment mediates the relationship between family-supportive supervisor behaviors and work engagement","volume":"45","author":"Qing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Behavior and Personality"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"3304","article-title":"The role of meaningful work in transformational leadership and work outcomes relationship","volume":"9","author":"Rahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726704043274","article-title":"Individualism\/collectivism, perceived task interdependence and teamwork attitudes among irish blue-collar employees: A test of the main and moderating effects?","volume":"57","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-11-2017-0318","article-title":"How authentic leadership promotes individual performance","volume":"67","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/1548051819842796","article-title":"How authentic leadership promotes individual creativity: The mediating role of affective commitment","volume":"27","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/job.248","article-title":"Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study","volume":"25","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164405282471","article-title":"The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire","volume":"66","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015630930326","article-title":"The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach","volume":"3","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhrm.v14i1.758","article-title":"Beneficiary contact moderates relationship between authentic leadership and engagement","volume":"15","author":"Scheepers","year":"2016","journal-title":"SA Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726708096639","article-title":"The role of transformational leadership in enhancing team reflexivity","volume":"61","author":"Schippers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2005.03.005","article-title":"\u2018What\u2019s your story?\u2019 A life-stories approach to authentic leadership development","volume":"16","author":"Shamir","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.7903\/cmr.14043","article-title":"The impact of intrinsic motivation on the effectiveness of leadership style towards on work engagement","volume":"11","author":"Shu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemporary Management Research"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2010.06.007","article-title":"Role resources and work\u2013family enrichment: The role of work engagement","volume":"77","author":"Siu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/1069072711436160","article-title":"Measuring meaningful work","volume":"20","author":"Steger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Career Assessment"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.2307\/1556375","article-title":"Consequences of abusive supervision","volume":"43","author":"Tepper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7941.12066","article-title":"Positive pathways to engaging workers: Work\u2013family enrichment as a predictor of work engagement","volume":"53","author":"Timms","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1108\/PR-05-2013-0080","article-title":"The impact of leader-member exchange (LMX) on work-family interference and work-family facilitation","volume":"43","author":"Tummers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Personnel Review"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"1228","article-title":"Servant leadership: A review and synthesis","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhrm.v18i0.1212","article-title":"Mediating effect of perceived organisational support on authentic leadership and work engagement","volume":"18","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2020","journal-title":"SA Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206307308913","article-title":"Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure","volume":"34","author":"Walumbwa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2010.11.002","article-title":"Linking ethical leadership to employee performance: The roles of leader\u2013member exchange, self-efficacy, and organizational identification","volume":"115","author":"Walumbwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2013.41.4.613","article-title":"The effect of authentic leadership on employee trust and employee engagement","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Behavior and Personality"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S402159","article-title":"\u2018Who knows me understands my needs\u2019: The effect of home-based telework on work engagement","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychology Research and Behavior Management"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-016-3379-0","article-title":"The interactive effect of authentic leadership and leader competency on followers\u2019 job performance: The mediating role of work engagement","volume":"153","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-10-2019-0433","article-title":"The effect of authentic leadership and psychological capital on work engagement: The mediating role of job satisfaction","volume":"41","author":"Wirawan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/jls.20104","article-title":"The influence of authentic leadership behaviors on trust and work outcomes of health care staff","volume":"3","author":"Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Leadership Studies"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-3085(03)25003-6","article-title":"Interpersonal sensemaking and the meaning of work","volume":"25","author":"Wrzesniewski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Research in Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1177\/0734371X221106792","article-title":"Antecedents of work engagement in the public sector: A systematic literature review","volume":"43","author":"Zahari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Review of Public Personnel Administration"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10490-021-09762-0","article-title":"Antecedents and outcomes of authentic leadership across culture: A meta-analytic review","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/beq.2016.11","article-title":"Ethical leaders and their followers: The transmission of moral identity and moral attentiveness","volume":"26","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Business Ethics Quarterly"}],"container-title":["Administrative Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3387\/13\/10\/219\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:05:51Z","timestamp":1760130351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3387\/13\/10\/219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["admsci13100219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/admsci13100219","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3387"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3387","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]}}}