{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T06:13:40Z","timestamp":1772172820195,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Administrative Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gravity model, which is applied to international trade, explains the conceptual models of international business. It has been used in various areas of the global economy, such as trade, foreign direct investment, and even the determinants of tourist demand at the level of countries and sectors of economic activity. In terms of the methodology, this study of the gravity model followed the PRISMA requirements and bibliometric analysis (co-occurrence of keywords and network of co-authorship), which were applied to the Scopus database. In terms of the results, economic, geographical distance, and location variables are essential in explaining international trade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci14090219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T04:25:22Z","timestamp":1726201522000},"page":"219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Gravity Model and International Trade: A Survey of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7602-2615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno Carlos","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management and Technology, Santar\u00e9m Polytechnic University, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado 295, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics (CEFAGE), University of \u00c9vora, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for African and Development Studies, Lisbon University, 1200-781 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"106","article-title":"A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation","volume":"69","author":"Anderson","year":"1979","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-111809-125114","article-title":"The Gravity Model","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annual Review of Economics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803321455214","article-title":"Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle","volume":"93","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2015.10.006","article-title":"Terms of Trade and Global Efficiency Effects of Free Trade Agreements, 1990\u20132002","volume":"99","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174244","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3025011","article-title":"Mapping Research Trends of Blockchain Technology in Healthcare","volume":"8","author":"Anjum","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/0015732519851630","article-title":"Country-Specific Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in India","volume":"54","author":"Bagchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foreign Trade Review"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1996(00)00060-X","article-title":"The Growth of World Trade: Tariffs, Transport Costs, and Income Similarity","volume":"53","author":"Baier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2006.02.005","article-title":"Do Free Trade Agreements Actually Increase Members\u2019 International Trade?","volume":"71","author":"Baier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.17221\/405\/2021-AGRICECON","article-title":"Determinants of Latin American and the Caribbean agricultural Trade: A Gravity Model Approach","volume":"4","author":"Balogh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agricultural Economics\u2014Czech"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.17221\/131\/2019-AGRICECON","article-title":"A Gravity Approach of Agriculture Trade: The Nexus of EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries","volume":"65","author":"Balogh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agricultural Economics\u2014Czech"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2015.06.003","article-title":"Economic Integration Agreements, Border Effects, and Distance Elasticities in the Gravity Equation","volume":"78","author":"Bergstrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Economic Review"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1996(83)80008-7","article-title":"A \u2018Reciprocal Dumping\u2019 Model of International Trade","volume":"15","author":"Brander","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2478\/jeb-2021-0014","article-title":"Analysis of Intra-Industry Trade in Agri-Food Produtcs between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the European Union","volume":"16","author":"Salkica","year":"2021","journal-title":"South East European Journal of Economics and Business"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9701.2009.01164.x","article-title":"An Account of Global Intra-industry Trade, 1962\u20132006","volume":"32","year":"2009","journal-title":"The World Economy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s43546-023-00461-0","article-title":"Review of the Gravity Model: Origins and Critical Analysis of its Theoretical Development","volume":"3","author":"Capoani","year":"2023","journal-title":"SN Business and Economics"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"297","article-title":"Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity","volume":"67","author":"Dixit","year":"1977","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/00157325231166237","article-title":"The Effects of Global Value Chain on Export Survival","volume":"59","author":"Doan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foreign Trade Review"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.24006\/jilt.2018.16.1.1","article-title":"Horizontal Intra-Industry Trade in Korea: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Doanh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of International Logistics and Trade"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1765(99)00183-4","article-title":"A Note on the Proper Econometric Specification of the Gravity Equation","volume":"66","author":"Egger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Economics Letters"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2008.08.003","article-title":"Interdependent Preferential Trade Agreement Memberships: An Empirical Analysis","volume":"76","author":"Egger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Kierzkowski, Henryk (1987). Product Quality, Intra-Industry Trade and (Im)perfect Competition. Protection and Competition in International Trade. Essays in Honour of W. M. Corden, Basil Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1108\/01443581111152409","article-title":"Fragmentation in the Automobile Manufacturing Industry: Evidence from Portugal","volume":"38","author":"Faustino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Studies"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2022.2145010","article-title":"Gravity Models with TiVA Data: Do They Bring New Results?","volume":"31","author":"Kheyirkhabarli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Applied Economics Letters"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s001680050110","article-title":"Location and Space-Economy at Half a Century: Revisiting Professor Isard\u2019s Dream on the General Theory","volume":"33","author":"Fujita","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Annals Regional Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florax, Raymond J. G. M., and Plane, David A. (2004). The New Economic Geography: Past, Present and the Future. Fifty Years of Regional Science. Advances in Spatial Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-07223-3"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujita, Masahisa, Krugman, Paul, and Venables, Anthonhy (1999). The Spatial Economy. Cities, Regions, and International Trade, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6389.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20191316","article-title":"The Economics of Language","volume":"58","author":"Ginsburgh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1111\/twec.12947","article-title":"The Gravity Model and Trade in Intermediate Inputs","volume":"43","author":"Greaney","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Economy"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"77","article-title":"Country-Specific Factors and the Pattern of Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade in the UK","volume":"130","author":"Greenaway","year":"1994","journal-title":"Review of World Economics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14664200308668048","article-title":"Language Planning and Economics","volume":"4","author":"Grin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Current Issues in Language Planning"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1996(81)90001-5","article-title":"International Trade in the Presence of Product Differentiation, Economies of Scale and Monopolistic Competition: A Chamberlin-Heckscher-Ohlin approach","volume":"11","author":"Helpman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Helpman, Elhanan, and Krugman, Paul (1985). Market Structure and Foreign Trade: Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition, and the International Economy, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1435-5597.1969.tb01455.x","article-title":"Some Notes on the Linkage of the Ecologic and Economic Systems","volume":"22","author":"Isard","year":"1969","journal-title":"Papers of the Regional Science Association"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2307\/1881920","article-title":"Location Theory and International and Interregional Trade Theory","volume":"68","author":"Isard","year":"1954","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/00157325221140154","article-title":"Future Prospects of the Gravity Model of Trade: A Bibliometric Review (1993\u20132021)","volume":"59","author":"Jadhav","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foreign Trade Review"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.17221\/153\/2015-AGRICECON","article-title":"Country and Industry Specific Determinants of Intra-Industry Agri-food Trade in the Baltic Countries","volume":"62","author":"Balogh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agricultural Economics\u2014Czech"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arndt, Sven W., and Kierzkowski, Henryk (2001). A Framework for Fragmentation. Fragmentation: New Production Patterns in the World Economy, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199243310.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0141(03)00040-2","article-title":"Intra-Industry Trade of Transition Countries: Trends and Determinants","volume":"4","author":"Kandogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerging Markets Review"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703440","DOI":"10.1080\/23322039.2019.1703440","article-title":"A Gravity Model Analysis for Trade between the GCC and Developed Countries","volume":"7","author":"Khayat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogent Economics & Finance"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Krugman, Paul (1991). Center and Periphery. Geography and Trade, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krugman, Paul (1995). Geography Lost and Found. Development, Geography, and Economic Theory, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2389.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Krugman, Paul, and Venables, Anthony (1990). Integration and the Competitiveness of Peripheral Industry, CEPR. CEPR Discussion Paper 363."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1996(79)90017-5","article-title":"Increasing Returns, Monopolistic Competition, and International Trade","volume":"9","author":"Krugman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1996(80)90052-5","article-title":"Intra-Industry Trade under Perfect Monopolistic Competition","volume":"10","author":"Lancaster","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/obes.12283","article-title":"Currency Unions and Trade: A PPML Re-assessment with High-dimensional Fixed Effects","volume":"81","author":"Larch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02707492","article-title":"Intra-Industry Trade in Manufactures: The Case of Korea","volume":"129","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Review of World Economics\/Weltwirtschafiliches Archv"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leit\u00e3o, Nuno Carlos (2023). The Impact of Geopolitical Risk on Portuguese Exports. Economies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/economies11120291"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/1331677X.2013.11517611","article-title":"Intra-Industry Trade in the Medical and Optical Instruments Industry: A Panel Data Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Faustino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Economic Research\/Ekonomska Istra\u017eivanja"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"188","article-title":"Country-Specific Determinants of Intra-industry Trade in Pharmaceuticals: The case of Poland and its European Union Partners","volume":"XXII","author":"Uhman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Marketing and Trade"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2011.599786","article-title":"The Log of Gravity Revisited","volume":"45","year":"2013","journal-title":"Applied Economics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/08853908.2021.1907262","article-title":"Foreign Presence and Export Performance: The Role of Portuguese Commercial Diplomacy","volume":"36","author":"Pacheco","year":"2022","journal-title":"The International Trade Journal"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1535","article-title":"Introduction to PRISMA 2020 and implications for research synthesis methodologists","volume":"13","author":"Page","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"93","article-title":"A Tentative Model for the Volume of Trade between Countries","volume":"90","year":"1963","journal-title":"Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00180-015-0556-z","article-title":"Modelling Bilateral Intra-Industry Trade Indexes with Panel Data: A Semiparametric Approach","volume":"30","author":"Faustino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computational Statistics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.88.4.641","article-title":"The Log of Gravity","volume":"88","author":"Tenreyro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Kierzkowski, Henryk (1984). Natural Oligopolies and International Trade. Monopolistic Competition and International Trade, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.5530\/jscires.11.3.48","article-title":"Scientific Mapping of Gravity Model of International Trade Literature: A Bibliometric Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Scientometric Research"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1515\/gej-2013-0019","article-title":"Determinants of United States\u2019 Vertical and Horizontal Intra-Industry Trade","volume":"13","author":"Thorpe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Economy Journal"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Tinbergen, Jan (1962). Shaping the World Economy; Suggestions for an International Economic Policy, Twentieth Century Fund."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venables, Anthony J. (2019). Economic Geography and Trade. Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Subject Economics and Finance, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190625979.013.332"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2014.04.002","article-title":"A Panel Data Analysis of Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Effects: The case of ASEAN\u2013China Free Trade Area","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"China Economic Review"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2021.1948960","article-title":"Value-Added Share and Elasticity of Trade to Barriers","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Economics Letters"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2012.08.032","article-title":"A Simple Solution to the Distance Puzzle in International Trade","volume":"117","author":"Yotov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Economics Letters"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.18045\/zbefri.2022.1.129","article-title":"The Intra-Industry Trade Dynamics Countries: The Role of Trade Agreements","volume":"40","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci\/Proceedings of Rijeka"}],"container-title":["Administrative Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3387\/14\/9\/219\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:55:23Z","timestamp":1760111723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3387\/14\/9\/219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["admsci14090219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/admsci14090219","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3387"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3387","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]}}}