{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:29:13Z","timestamp":1775039353823,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\/Erasmus+ Programme","award":["101056184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101056184"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Administrative Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming leadership and raising critical questions about decision-making, leadership capabilities, and ethical accountability in increasingly digitalized organizations. Objective: This systematic review synthesizes peer-reviewed evidence to answer: How does AI integration transform leadership and decision-making in organizations? Methods: A PRISMA 2020-compliant systematic review was conducted using structured Boolean searches in Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection on 26 February 2026. Eligibility was restricted to English-language, peer-reviewed, open-access journal articles with an explicit AI\u2013leadership integration signal. Records were deduplicated and screened by two reviewers, with full-text assessment conducted against predefined criteria. A qualitative, narrative (conceptual) synthesis integrated heterogeneous empirical and conceptual contributions. Results: From 452 records, 84 studies met inclusion criteria. The synthesis identified three recurring analytical dimensions: (i) AI-augmented decision-making, (ii) leadership competencies and role shifts, and (iii) ethical challenges (accountability, transparency\/opacity, fairness, privacy, and human agency). Integrating these dimensions, the review conceptualizes AI-driven leadership as a hybrid decision phenomenon in which AI accelerates and expands decision cycles, leaders reconfigure roles toward decision architecture and orchestration, and ethical conditions shape legitimacy, adoption, and authority dynamics. Conclusions: The review advances theory by specifying a mechanism-oriented model of AI-driven leadership and proposing testable propositions linking AI modality, role reconfiguration, and ethically conditioned legitimacy under key boundary conditions (e.g., sectoral stakes, governance capacity, and data\/infrastructure readiness). Practically, it outlines an implementation pathway emphasizing decision criticality assessment, formalized human\u2013AI task allocation, and institutionalized oversight mechanisms. Limitations: Findings are bounded by database selection and the open-access full-text constraint, which may under-represent paywalled scholarship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci16040173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T08:09:18Z","timestamp":1774944558000},"page":"173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI-Driven Leadership: Decision-Making, Competencies, and Ethical Challenges\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5395-5175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Sacav\u00e9m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology, Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CETRAD-EUROPEIA, 1500-210 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CETRAD-UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4404-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia de Bem","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Knowledge Management, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6835-680X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rodrigues dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology, Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CETRAD-EUROPEIA, 1500-210 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CETRAD-UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CESOP\/UCP, 1649-023 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4799-874X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Palma-Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology, Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2154-6171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Au-Yong-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP), Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.15826\/csp.2025.9.2.332","article-title":"Psychology of leadership: Understanding AI adoption, self-efficacy, green creativity, and risk perception among Oman\u2019s business bosses","volume":"9","author":"Abdelfattah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Changing Societies & Personalities"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.37934\/ard.130.1.1325","article-title":"Evaluating and modelling artificial intelligence and emotional intelligence to improve cybersecurity employee ethical competence model","volume":"130","author":"Abidin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Research Design"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abositta, A., Adedokun, M. W., and Berbero\u011flu, A. (2024). Influence of artificial intelligence on engineering management decision-making with mediating role of transformational leadership. Systems, 12, (12).","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12120570"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Acemoglu, D., and Johnson, S. (2023). Power and progress\u2014Our thousand-year struggle over technology and prosperity, Basic Books."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mnl.2025.04.001","article-title":"Driving innovations: Nursing leadership think tank explores AI solutions","volume":"23","author":"Aldrich","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nurse Leader"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000890","DOI":"10.1136\/leader-2023-000890","article-title":"Digital innovative healthcare during a pandemic and beyond: A showcase of the large-scale and integrated Saudi smart national health command centre","volume":"9","author":"Alharbi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Leader"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.29333\/iji.2025.18415a","article-title":"Implementation of artificial intelligence and the roles of educational leadership: Investigating the expectations of kindergartens\u2019 principals","volume":"18","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Instruction"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1108\/TG-06-2025-0187","article-title":"The role of leadership and communication in AI assimilation: Case studies from Saudi Arabia\u2019s public sector organizations","volume":"19","author":"Alshahrani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.26803\/ijlter.24.9.47","article-title":"Integration of transformative leadership, artificial intelligence, and the tpack framework for efficient pedagogy: A documentary analysis","volume":"24","author":"Alshamsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-05598-x","article-title":"Academic leadership attitudes toward employing artificial intelligence applications in developing administrative processes","volume":"12","author":"Arrooqi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Humanities & Social Sciences Communications"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awasthi, V. (2025). Leadership in the age of artificial intelligence: Fintech world case study, SSRN. Available online: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=5272710.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5272710"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2735","article-title":"A multilevel review of artificial intelligence in organizations: Implications for organizational behavior research and practice","volume":"45","author":"Bankins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnett-Page, E., and Thomas, J. (2009). Methods for the synthesis of qualitative research: A critical review. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-9-59"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639101700108","article-title":"Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage","volume":"17","author":"Barney","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2024.102809","article-title":"Non-hierarchic leadership collaboration: Exploring the adoption of AI-driven social networking for addressing social challenges in an extra-organizational environment","volume":"81","author":"Basilio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technology in Society"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batool, A., Zowghi, D., and Bano, M. (2023). Responsible AI governance: A systematic literature review. arXiv.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4784792\/v1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/jls.70007","article-title":"Eavesdropping on UNESCO AI policy, leadership, and ethics","volume":"18","author":"Bean","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Leadership Studies"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berkovich, I. (2025). The rise of AI-assisted instructional leadership: Empirical survey of generative AI integration in school leadership and management work. Frontiers in Education, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.1643023"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2025.115878","article-title":"Strategic leadership at high altitude: Investigating how AI affects the required skills of top managers","volume":"205","author":"Bevilacqua","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2307\/3250983","article-title":"A resource-based perspective on information technology capability and firm performance: An empirical investigation","volume":"24","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2000","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binns, R., Van Kleek, M., Veale, M., Lyngs, U., Zhao, J., and Shadbolt, N. (, January April). \u2018It\u2019s reducing a human being to a percentage\u2019 perceptions of justice in algorithmic decisions. The 2018 Chi Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/9wqxr"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102796","article-title":"Moving beyond \u2018proof points\u2019: Factors underpinning AI-enabled business model transformation","volume":"77","author":"Black","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"311","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in the workplace: A philosophical approach to ethics and integrity","volume":"25","author":"Borkovich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Issues in Information Systems"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"438","article-title":"Making AI work for government: Critical success factors analysis using R-SWARA","volume":"8","author":"Brillianto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jurnal RESTI"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2024.101043","article-title":"Principles of responsible digital implementation: Developing operational business resilience to reduce resistance to digital innovations","volume":"53","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Organizational Dynamics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheong, P. H., and Liu, L. (2025). Faithful innovation: Negotiating institutional logics for AI value alignment among Christian churches in America. Religions, 16, (3).","DOI":"10.3390\/rel16030302"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1007\/s13384-024-00771-8","article-title":"The roles of AI and educational leaders in AI-assisted administrative decision-making: A proposed framework for symbiotic collaboration","volume":"52","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Australian Educational Researcher"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2695","article-title":"Awe-inspiring advancements in AI: The impact of ChatGPT on the field of organizational behavior","volume":"44","author":"Dasborough","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5417","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2023.2179859","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-driven supply chain resilience in Vietnamese manufacturing small-and medium-sized enterprises","volume":"62","author":"Dey","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2307\/2095101","article-title":"The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields","volume":"48","author":"DiMaggio","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, X. (2021). Case investigation technology based on artificial intelligence data processing. Journal of Sensors, 4942657.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4942657"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.17705\/1thci.00156","article-title":"Chatting with the CEO\u2019s virtual assistant: Impact on climate for trust, fairness, employee satisfaction, and engagement","volume":"13","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s42438-024-00461-9","article-title":"The education leadership challenges for universities in a postdigital age","volume":"7","author":"Ellis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Postdigital Science and Education"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x","article-title":"The qualitative content analysis process","volume":"62","author":"Elo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.30534\/ijatcse\/2019\/37832019","article-title":"A neural-fuzzy network approach to employee performance evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Matsuzaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faria, P., Alves, V., Neves, J., and Vicente, H. (2025). Data science in the management of healthcare organizations. Algorithms, 18, (3).","DOI":"10.3390\/a18030173"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/JOEUC.379769","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-supported leadership: A catalyst for team excellence in China\u2019s fast-moving consumer goods industry","volume":"37","author":"Fengkuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational and End User Computing (JOEUC)"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Embracing digital technology: A new strategic imperative","volume":"55","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2014","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.7172\/1644-9584.96.3","article-title":"Evolution from human virtual teams to artificial virtual teams supported by artificial intelligence. Results of literature analysis and empirical research","volume":"2","author":"Flak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Problemy Zarz\u0105dzania"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2023). The ethics of artificial intelligence: Principles, challenges, and opportunities, Oxford Academic. [online ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198883098.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.61093\/bel.9(4).57-66.2025","article-title":"Not all that can be automated should be automated\u2014Strategic minimalism as a disciplined and ethically grounded approach to AI adoption","volume":"9","author":"Frimpong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Business Ethics and Leadership"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a2454","DOI":"10.4102\/sajbm.v52i1.2357","article-title":"Developing a digital transformation model to enhance the strategy development process for leadership in the South African manufacturing sector","volume":"52","author":"Gaffley","year":"2021","journal-title":"South African Journal of Business Management"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a5449","DOI":"10.4102\/SAJBM.v56i1.5449","article-title":"A digital transformation strategy model for leadership in manufacturing: Considering the technological innovations to advance industry 5.0 in smart manufacturing","volume":"56","author":"Gaffley","year":"2025","journal-title":"South African Journal of Business Management"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"192113","article-title":"Robotic digitalization and business success: The central role of trust and leadership in operational efficiency\u2014A hybrid approach using PLS-SEM and fsQCA","volume":"12","author":"Donate","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70043","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.70043","article-title":"Perspectives and experiences of nurse managers on the impact of artificial intelligence on nursing work environments and managerial processes: A qualitative study","volume":"72","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Nursing Review"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x","article-title":"A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies","volume":"26","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Information & Libraries Journal"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/1069031X251407624","article-title":"Executive insights in the age of AI and global disruption: Navigating change, technology, and strategy","volume":"34","author":"Gregory","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of International Marketing"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Harari, Y. N. (2024). Nexus: A brief history of information networks from the stone age to AI, Fern Press, Penguin Books."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Harari, Y. N. (2026, February 01). An honest conversation on AI and humanity. The World economic forum\u2014Davos, Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oJB7JNWo58w."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jls.70002","article-title":"Leadership in AI terminology governance: From anomia to agency","volume":"18","author":"Haskell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Leadership Studies"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.32479\/irmm.20011","article-title":"Ethical implications of artificial intelligence accessibility in the United Arab Emirates: Bridging the digital divide","volume":"15","author":"Hassanien","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Review of Management and Marketing"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Boosting SMEs\u2019 digital transformation: The role of dynamic capabilities in cultivating digital leadership and digital culture","volume":"19","author":"Held","year":"2025","journal-title":"Review of Managerial Science"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., and Welch, V. A. (2023). Cochrane handbook for Systematic reviews of interventions (version 6.4, updated August 2023), Cochrane."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/15480518251319624","article-title":"Digital leadership: Towards a dynamic managerial capability perspective of artificial intelligence-driven leader capabilities","volume":"32","author":"Hossain","year":"2025a","journal-title":"Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1017\/jmo.2025.10010","article-title":"The influence of artificial intelligence-driven capabilities on responsible leadership: A future research agenda","volume":"31","author":"Hossain","year":"2025b","journal-title":"Journal of Management & Organization"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/15027570.2025.2595783","article-title":"Military prudence and technological disruption\u2014The ethics of change management in the military","volume":"24","author":"Hovd","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Military Ethics"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"20","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) strategies for organizational innovation, growth, and productivity: A multi-case study approach","volume":"26","author":"Hyiamang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Issues in Information Systems"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.36922\/AIH025230051","article-title":"Healthcare leadership in the modern age of artificial intelligence: Are we organizationally ready?","volume":"3","author":"Iannello","year":"2026","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.17512\/pjms.2025.31.2.07","article-title":"The role of AI in digital leadership-new competencies of leaders","volume":"31","author":"Ingaldi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polish Journal of Management Studies"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.17512\/pjms.2025.31.2.08","article-title":"An analysis on leadership and decision making errors in the new artificial intelligence influenced organizational environment","volume":"31","author":"Iordache","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polish Journal of Management Studies"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, R. T., and Karamanl\u0131o\u011flu, A. U. (2026). AI capabilities and its impact on organisational innovation in Malaysian SMEs: The role of transformational leadership and digital organisational culture. Sustainability, 18, (3).","DOI":"10.3390\/su18031473"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2018.03.007","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and the future of work: Human-AI symbiosis in organizational decision making","volume":"61","author":"Jarrahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Business Horizons"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962937","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1962937","article-title":"Design of digital and intelligent financial decision support system based on artificial intelligence","volume":"2022","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-025-09720-y","article-title":"The crucial role of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in improving health care management","volume":"28","author":"Johannssen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Care Management Science"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42831","DOI":"10.2196\/42831","article-title":"Information and communication technology medicine: Integrative specialty for the future of medicine","volume":"12","author":"Jongen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interactive Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"2773","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in leadership and management: Current trends and future directions","volume":"26","author":"Joshi","year":"2025a","journal-title":"World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, S. (2025b). Comprehensive review of artificial intelligence in management, leadership, decision-making and collaboration. SSRN.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5221744"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70018","DOI":"10.1002\/jls.70018","article-title":"Relational leadership in the age of AI: Rethinking pedagogy for medical affairs","volume":"19","author":"Kaan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Leadership Studies"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.29121\/shodhkosh.v6.i5s.2025.6965","article-title":"Visual storytelling and explainable intelligence in organizational change communication","volume":"6","author":"Kashyap","year":"2025","journal-title":"ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.17718\/tojde.1717278","article-title":"Changing aspects of the management of distance education institutions during AI era: A case study","volume":"27","author":"Kesim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70029","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.70029","article-title":"Institutionalizing predictive AI in public administration: Algorithmic governance and the case of a wildfire forecasting system","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Policy & Internet"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.13422","article-title":"Platform government in the era of smart technology","volume":"82","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Administration Review"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Kissinger, H. (2022). Leadership\u2014Six studies in world strategy, Allen Lane, Penguin Books."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-023-00416-z","article-title":"Ethical AI governance: Mapping a research ecosystem","volume":"5","author":"Knight","year":"2025","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotp, M. H., Ismail, H. A., Basyouny, H. A. A., Aly, M. A., Hendy, A., Nashwan, A. J., Hendy, A., and Abd Elmoaty, A. E. E. (2025). Empowering nurse leaders: Readiness for AI integration and the perceived benefits of predictive analytics. BMC Nursing, 24, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02653-x"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langham-Putrow, A., Bakker, C., and Riegelman, A. (2021). Is the open access citation advantage real? A systematic review of the citation advantage of open access articles. PLoS ONE, 16, (6).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253129"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonard, F., Lyttle, M. D., O\u2019Sullivan, D., Gilligan, J., Roland, D., Barrett, M., and PERUKI (2026). Perceptions and knowledge of machine learning for paediatric related decision support in emergency care\u2014A UK and Ireland network survey study of clinician leaders. PLoS Digital Health, 5, (2).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0001213"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Ni, L., and Xu, Y. (2025). Enterprise digital transformation drivers: Market or government? A case study from China. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 20, (2).","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer20020131"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2020.104272","article-title":"Identification of important factors in an inpatient fall risk prediction model to improve the quality of care using EHR and electronic administrative data: A machine-learning approach","volume":"143","author":"Lindberget","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Informatics"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Huang, M., Cui, M., Tian, G., and Li, X. (2025). The positive effects of employee AI dependence on voice behavior\u2014Based on power dependence theory. Behavioral Sciences, 15, (12).","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15121709"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., and Song, J. (2022). Predictive analysis of the psychological state of charismatic leaders on employees\u2019 work attitudes based on artificial intelligence affective computing. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.965658"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2025.101368","article-title":"How task-AI fit influences hotel employees\u2019 job crafting and self-esteem threat: The moderating effect of leader AI crafting","volume":"66","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.3390\/ai5040130","article-title":"Ethical decision-making in artificial intelligence: A logic programming approach","volume":"5","author":"Machado","year":"2024","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madanchian, M., and Taherdoost, H. (2025). Ethical theories, governance models, and strategic frameworks for responsible AI adoption and organizational success. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1619029"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2.1.71","article-title":"Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning","volume":"2","author":"March","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1074-9","article-title":"Toward systematic review automation: A practical guide to using machine learning tools in research synthesis","volume":"8","author":"Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.17035","article-title":"Healthcare professionals\u2019 perceptions of future leadership in digital healthcare: A qualitative study","volume":"82","author":"Kuha","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mpanza, S. S. (2025). Revisiting the technological-organizational-environmental (TOE) framework and diffusion of innovation (DOI): A theoretical review for artificial intelligence (AI) adoption. International Journal of Applied Research in Business and Management, 6, (5).","DOI":"10.51137\/wrp.ijarbm.441"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-016-0021","article-title":"A manifesto for reproducible science","volume":"1","author":"Nosek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21582440251367585","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440251367585","article-title":"Assessing the impact of digital leadership on public sector performance: The mediation role of digital transformation in developing economies","volume":"15","author":"Namatovu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018). Open science by design: Realizing a vision for 21st century research, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2019). Reproducibility and replicability in science, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2307\/20721419","article-title":"The formation and value of IT-enabled resources: Antecedents and consequences of synergistic relationships","volume":"34","author":"Nevo","year":"2010","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab2374","article-title":"Promoting an open research culture","volume":"348","author":"Nosek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.5465\/amp.2013.0025","article-title":"Organizational ambidexterity: Past, present, and future","volume":"27","author":"Tushman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Academy of Management Perspectives"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021a","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021b","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey, V. (2025). Leadership in the AI era: Navigating and shaping the future of organizational guidance. SSRN.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5331975"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"64","article-title":"Acceptance of artificial intelligence as organizational leadership: A survey","volume":"31","author":"Petrat","year":"2022","journal-title":"TATuP-Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Technikfolgenabsch\u00e4tzung in Theorie und Praxis\/Journal for Technology Assessment in Theory and Practice"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/JGIM.304068","article-title":"Success factors to deliver organizational digital transformation: A framework for transformation leadership","volume":"30","author":"Philippart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Global Information Management"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4375","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4375","article-title":"The state of OA: A large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of open access articles","volume":"6","author":"Piwowar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Popay, J., Roberts, H., Sowden, A., Petticrew, M., Arai, L., Rodgers, M., Britten, N., Roen, K., and Duffy, S. (2006). Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews: A product from the ESRC methods programme, ESRC Methods Programme. Available online: https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/download\/39246301\/02e7e5231e8f3a6183000000.pdf."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/15480518231181731","article-title":"The now, new, and next of digital leadership: How Artificial Intelligence (AI) will take over and change leadership as we know it","volume":"30","author":"Quaquebeke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-29973-5","article-title":"AI-Savvy leadership for enhancing AI utilization and employee engagement among digital natives in the EdTech sector","volume":"15","author":"Quttainah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025ss0201","DOI":"10.31893\/multiscience.2025ss0201","article-title":"Empowering organizational management with artificial intelligence-enhanced data analytics solutions","volume":"7","author":"Rais","year":"2025","journal-title":"Multidisciplinary Science Journal"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2018.0072","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and management: The automation\u2013augmentation paradox","volume":"46","author":"Raisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riti, R. I., Abrudan, C. I., Bacali, L., and B\u00e2lc, N. (2025). Command redefined: Neural-adaptive leadership in the age of autonomous intelligence. AI, 6, (8).","DOI":"10.3390\/ai6080176"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizana, A. F., Wiratmadja, I. I., and Akbar, M. (2025). Exploring capabilities for digital transformation in the business context: Insight from a systematic literature review. Sustainability, 17, (9).","DOI":"10.3390\/su17094222"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers, D. L. (2016). The digital transformation playbook: Rethink your business for the digital age, Columbia University Press.","DOI":"10.7312\/roge17544"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romeo, E., and Lacko, J. (2025). Adoption and integration of AI in organizations: A systematic review of challenges and drivers towards future directions of research. Kybernetes, ahead-of-print.","DOI":"10.1108\/K-07-2024-2002"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ro\u017eman, M., Ore\u0161ki, D., and Tominc, P. (2022). Integrating artificial intelligence into a talent management model to increase the work engagement and performance of enterprises. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1014434"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ro\u017eman, M., Ore\u0161ki, D., and Tominc, P. (2023a). Artificial-intelligence-supported reduction of employees\u2019 workload to increase the company\u2019s performance in today\u2019s VUCA environment. Sustainability, 15, (6).","DOI":"10.3390\/su15065019"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248732","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2023.2248732","article-title":"Maximizing employee engagement through artificial intelligent organizational culture in the context of leadership and training of employees: Testing linear and non-linear relationships","volume":"10","author":"Tominc","year":"2023b","journal-title":"Cogent Business & Management"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahoo, S., and Sahoo, C. (2025). Managing with AI: How leadership styles evolve in the age of artificial intelligence. SSRN.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5650710"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.14419\/tzbx7934","article-title":"AI-enabled transformational leadership for improving healthcare workforce and performance improvement","volume":"12","author":"Satish","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scoggins, J. (2025). Negotiating judgment and accountability in AI-supported leadership decision-making. SSRN.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5931735"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seraj, A. H. A., Hasanein, A. M., Al-Romeedy, B. S., and Elziny, M. N. (2025). Redefining the digital frontier: Digital leadership, AI, and innovation driving next-generation tourism and hospitality. Administrative Sciences, 15, (9).","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci15090369"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsinno.2026.200566","article-title":"AI for the underdogs: Navigating risk and growth in high-tech micro-firms through generative artificial intelligence","volume":"37","author":"Shahzad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Strategy & Innovation"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"1","article-title":"An AI and NLP framework for extracting leadership competencies and mapping personalized training paths: A strategic approach for human resource development","volume":"10","author":"Shannaq","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siira, E., Tyskbo, D., and Nygren, J. (2024). Healthcare leaders\u2019 experiences of implementing artificial intelligence for medical history-taking and triage in Swedish primary care: An interview study. BMC Primary Care, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-024-02516-z"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.07.039","article-title":"Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines","volume":"104","author":"Snyder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.70102\/afts.2025.1834.1048","article-title":"Driving SCM and HR transformation with ai through the role of leadership and innovation as mediators","volume":"3","author":"Somanathan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Archives for Technical Sciences"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staniszewska, Z., and Galindo, G. (2024). The future of leadership in the era of AI: Do we still need \u201cleaders\u201d? ESCP business school impact paper. SSRN.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5457537"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2024.101797","article-title":"Lessons on AI implementation from senior clinical practitioners: An exploratory qualitative study in medical imaging and radiotherapy in the UK","volume":"56","author":"Stogiannos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suri, K. (2025a). Augmented leadership in a hybrid intelligence world: Human-centered AI and the rise of collective intelligence. SSRN.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5671110"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suri, K. (2025b). From decision support to decision substitution: A behavioural framework for AI overreach in leadership. SSRN.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6026314"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suri, K. (2025c). Role of immersive leadership in the age of artificial intelligence: Fostering positive work culture. SSRN.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5763663"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2017\/41.1.12","article-title":"Embracing digital innovation in incumbent firms","volume":"41","author":"Svahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/jls.70005","article-title":"Generative AI integration in leadership practice: Foundations, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"18","author":"Tabata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Leadership Studies"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/JGIM.354062","article-title":"How does cost leadership strategy suppress the performance benefits of explainability of AI applications in organizations?","volume":"32","author":"Talaei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Global Information Management"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.640","article-title":"Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance","volume":"28","author":"Teece","year":"2007","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Dynamic capabilities and strategic management","volume":"18","author":"Teece","year":"1997","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2024.102619","article-title":"ChatGPT appropriation: A catalyst for creative performance, innovation orientation, and agile leadership","volume":"78","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technology in Society"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, J., and Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-45"},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Tornatzky, L. G., and Fleischer, M. (1990). The processes of technological innovation, Lexington Books."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8551.00375","article-title":"Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Tranfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"British Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trim, P. R., and Lee, Y. I. (2022). Combining sociocultural intelligence with Artificial Intelligence to increase organizational cyber security provision through enhanced resilience. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 6, (4).","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc6040110"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2021.101594","article-title":"Human-robot collaboration: A multilevel and integrated leadership framework","volume":"33","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102484","article-title":"Education, empowerment, and elevating nursing voices: Nursing informatics leaders\u2019 perspectives on the path forward with artificial intelligence in nursing","volume":"73","author":"Turchioe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nursing Outlook"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sftr.2025.101002","article-title":"Adopting green AI for SME sustainability: Mediating role of green investment and moderation by green servant leadership","volume":"10","author":"Suki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainable Futures"},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"UNESCO (2021). UNESCO recommendation on open science, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.18089\/tms.20250302","article-title":"A new approach to crisis communication in tourism: Artificial intelligence-based CEO (AI-CEO)","volume":"21","author":"Erol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tourism & Management Studies"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3849\/1802-7199.25.2025.02.25-47","article-title":"Digital transformation of military organisations","volume":"25","author":"Vasilescu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obrana a Strategie"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/jpim.12523","article-title":"Innovation and design in the age of artificial intelligence","volume":"37","author":"Verganti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Product Innovation Management"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.09.022","article-title":"Digital transformation: A multidisciplinary reflection and research agenda","volume":"122","author":"Verhoef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinterhuber, A., Vescovi, T., and Checchinato, F. (2021). Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. Managing digital transformation, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003008637"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.14419\/y2211h41","article-title":"An efficient approach to innovation healthcare leadership and artificial intelligence practical applications","volume":"14","author":"Vinod","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2018.12.001","article-title":"Building dynamic capabilities for digital transformation: An ongoing process of strategic renewal","volume":"52","author":"Warner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Long Range Planning"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11745-4","article-title":"Leadership in radiology in the era of technological advancements and artificial intelligence","volume":"36","author":"Wichtmann","year":"2026","journal-title":"European Radiology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Li, R., and Peng, Z. (2025). Digital ripples in industries: An institutional theory perspective on how peer transformation dismantles greenwashing behavior. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 20, (4).","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer20040351"}],"container-title":["Administrative Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3387\/16\/4\/173\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:27:33Z","timestamp":1775032053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3387\/16\/4\/173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["admsci16040173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/admsci16040173","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3387"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3387","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]}}}