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The aim of this review was to identify and to analyze studies assessing occupational exposure to fungi and mycotoxins in coffee industries. Therefore, a systematic literature search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology and focusing on the assessment of occupational exposure to fungi and mycotoxins in the coffee industry. In these papers, different environmental matrices were considered in evaluating occupational exposure, but the most used matrix was airborne dust (four of the five studies). Airborne fungi were sampled using active (four of the five studies) and passive sampling. Only the most recent of the studies (2022) identified microorganisms by their genera and species, and only two groups of mycotoxins were analyzed in the studies considered, namely, Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxins. None of the studies reported data on both fungi and mycotoxins. The fungal genera identified in these occupational environments included Cladosporium, Paecilomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and other genera. Among the mycotoxins, only aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were investigated. Occupational exposure to these biological agents may lead to several health effects. Fungal spores and fragments can cause respiratory diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, bronchitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Additionally, the mycotoxins studied\u2014particularly Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A\u2014are associated with serious toxicological effects. Coexposure to both fungi and mycotoxins may enhance health risks and should be carefully considered in occupational risk assessments. Considering the possible effects related to exposure to fungi and mycotoxins and the number of workers involved in this type of industry in the world, more studies should be developed. This is the first review to systematically consolidate data on occupational exposure to both fungi and mycotoxins specifically within the coffee industry, highlighting existing knowledge gaps and the need for targeted risk assessments in coffee-producing settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/aerobiology3020003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:04:50Z","timestamp":1745467490000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hidden Hazards: A Literature Review on Occupational Exposure to Fungi and Mycotoxins in the Coffee Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3463-9630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe da Silva de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade Federal de Lavras\u2013UFLA, Lavras 37203-202, MG, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ednilton Tavares","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade Federal de Lavras\u2013UFLA, Lavras 37203-202, MG, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1545-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2013Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2013Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7141-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9ssica Raquel Sales Carvalho","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Lavras\u2013UFLA, Lavras 37203-202, MG, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Francisco","family":"Rabelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control and Automation Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade Federal de Lavras\u2013UFLA, Lavras 37203-202, MG, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University Lisbon, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaa008","article-title":"Occupational Co-exposures to Multiple Chemical Agents from Workplace Measurements by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration","volume":"64","author":"Sarazin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. 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