{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:54:53Z","timestamp":1766588093192,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NEURASPACE Project, Contract No. 9","award":["Regulation (EU) 2021\/241 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 February 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Regulation (EU) 2021\/241 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 February 2021"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Recovery and Resilience Program (PRR), in component 05-Capitalization and Business Innovation","award":["Notice No. 01\/C05-i01\/2021 of the Regulation of Mobilizing Agendas\/Alliances for reindustrialization"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Notice No. 01\/C05-i01\/2021 of the Regulation of Mobilizing Agendas\/Alliances for reindustrialization"]}]},{"name":"LARSyS funding","award":["DOI: 679 10.54499\/LA\/P\/0083\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOI: 679 10.54499\/LA\/P\/0083\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LARSyS funding","award":["DOI: 10.54499\/UIDP\/50009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOI: 10.54499\/UIDP\/50009\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LARSyS funding","award":["DOI: 10.54499\/UIDB\/50009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOI: 10.54499\/UIDB\/50009\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) for its financial support via the project LAETA Base Funding","award":["DOI: 10.54499\/UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOI: 10.54499\/UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aerospace"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we evaluate the impact of numerical integration methods and perturbation models on the computational speed and position accuracy of orbit propagation techniques. With increasing numbers of satellites in orbit, space traffic management may require near real-time satellite operations, for which computational speed may play a more important part in orbit propagation than positional accuracy. The aim of this work is to identify the most suitable propagation parameters for different mission scenarios and outline the perturbations to be considered based on the target orbit characteristics. We analyze the impact of the integrators\u2019 tolerance on accuracy and runtime, as well as quantify the dominant perturbations for each orbit type. We use a Starlink satellite as a reference case, propagating it across multiple orbital regimes. The results are presented in the form of Pareto fronts trading off runtime and positional accuracy. These Pareto fronts outline some important results, for instance, how gravitational models beyond 32\u00d732 yield no accuracy improvements while significantly increasing runtime. We also verify that drag is critical in VLEO, LEO, SSO, and HEO (Molniya), while third-body effects play a major role in HEO (Molniya and Tundra), GEO, and GSO, and solar radiation pressure becomes significant in HEO (Tundra), GEO, and GSO. These results can be incorporated into collision avoidance optimization strategies for real-time satellite operations, thereby contributing to more efficient space traffic management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace13010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:27:51Z","timestamp":1766586471000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trading Off Accuracy and Runtime in Orbit Propagation to Enhance Satellite Mission Operations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4612-298X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Rigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7210-7179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR-Lisboa), LARSyS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR-Lisboa), LARSyS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2183-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo J. S.","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Aeron\u00e1uticas e Espaciais (CCTAE), IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chow, T. (2011). Space situational awareness sharing program: An SWF issue brief. Secur. World Found., 22."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2022.2031313","article-title":"An analysis of close approaches and probability of collisions between LEO resident space objects and mega constellations","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geo-Spat. Inf. 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