{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:51:12Z","timestamp":1760241072344,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aerospace"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Large-scale space projects rely on a thorough Assembly, Integration, and Verification (AIV) process to provide the upmost reliability to spacecraft. While this has not traditionally been the case with CubeSats, their increasing role in space science and technology has led to new verification approaches, including in educational CubeSats. This work describes the integration and verification approach for ISTSat-1, which is an educational CubeSat from the Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico in Portugal that partially discards the typical stage-gate approach to spacecraft development in favor of a more iterative approach, allowing for the system-level verification of unfinished prototypes. Early verification included software functional testing on a flatsat model, thermal vacuum and vibration testing on a battery model, ionizing radiation testing on the on-board computer, and non-ionizing radiation (EMC) testing on all subsystems. The testing of functional prototypes at an early development stage led to uncovering system-level errors that would typically require hardware redesign at a later project stage. The team considers the approach to be useful for educational projects that employ a small, co-located team with low non-recurring engineering costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace6120131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T10:50:45Z","timestamp":1575283845000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Integration and Verification Approach of ISTSat-1 CubeSat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7210-7179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1183-453X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui M.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Electrot\u00e9cnica e de Computadores (DEEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7534-6060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00faben","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Electrot\u00e9cnica e de Computadores (DEEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC-ID\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Electrot\u00e9cnica e de Computadores (DEEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kulu, E. 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ECSS-E-ST-20-07C."}],"container-title":["Aerospace"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4310\/6\/12\/131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:39:10Z","timestamp":1760189950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2226-4310\/6\/12\/131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["aerospace6120131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/aerospace6120131","relation":{},"ISSN":["2226-4310"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2226-4310"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}}}