{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:20:34Z","timestamp":1760235634661,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aerospace"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present paper describes a tool developed in-house for the modeling of free-falling water droplet cooling processes. A two-way coupling model is employed to account for the interactions between the droplets and the carrier fluid, following a Eulerian\u2013Lagrangian approach. In addition, a stochastic separated flow technique is employed, involving random sampling of the fluctuating fluid velocity. In physical modeling, two empirical correlations are considered for determining the heat and mass transfer coefficients, with the possibility of accounting for vibrations. The numerical results indicate the preponderance of the interactions between droplet and carrier fluid at various humidity ratios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace8090270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T07:52:14Z","timestamp":1632124334000},"page":"270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Description of a Eulerian\u2013Lagrangian Approach for the Modeling of Cooling Water Droplets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6251-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00faben","family":"Meireles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\u2014Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1256-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\u2014Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4901-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\u2014Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9014-5008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Barata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\u2014Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2014.12.001","article-title":"Aircraft flight characteristics in icing conditions","volume":"74","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. 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