{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T06:03:53Z","timestamp":1768889033856,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agriculture"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a conical-cylindrical spouted bed dryer with Teflon\u00ae beads as spouting material was used for producing powdered rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract. The influence of the inlet drying gas temperature (Tgi) and the percentage ratio between the feed rate of concentrated liquid extract by the maximum evaporation capacity of the spouted bed (Ws\/Wmax) on selected physicochemical properties of the finished products were investigated. Antioxidant properties of the concentrated liquid extract and dried extracts were also evaluated by the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH\u2022) and lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+\/citrate (LPO) methods; and compared with the values obtained for a lyophilized extract (used as a control). Colloidal silicon dioxide (Tixosil\u00ae 333) and maltodextrin (DE 14) at a 2:1 ratio was added to the concentrated extract before drying (4.4% w\/w) to improve the drying performance. The drying variables Ws\/Wmax and Tgi have statistically significant influence on total polyphenols and total flavonoid contents of the dried powders. The concentrated extract (on dry basis\u2014being absolute solid content) showed superior antioxidant activity (AA) compared to both the spouted bed dried and the lyophilized extracts; exhibiting IC50 values of 0.96 \u00b1 0.02, 2.16 \u00b1 0.04 and 3.79 \u00b1 0.05 \u00b5g mL\u22121 (DPPH\u2022 method) and 0.22 \u00b1 0.01, 1.31\u00b1 0.01 and 2.54 \u00b1 0.02 \u00b5g mL\u22121 (LPO method), respectively. These results of AA are comparable to values obtained for quercetin, a flavonoid compound often used as a reference standard due to its potent antioxidant activity; with IC50 of 1.17 \u00b5g mL\u22121 (DPPH\u2022) and 0.22 \u00b5g mL\u22121 (LPO). However, the dried rosemary extracts are about 13.5 times more concentrated than the initial concentrated extract (dry weight), with a concentration of total flavonoids and polyphenols compounds ranging from 4.3 to 12.3 and from 1.2 to 4.7 times higher than the concentrated extract values (wet basis). The AA per dry product mass was thus significantly higher than the values measured for concentrated extractive solution, irrespective of some losses of AA apparently due to the drying process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture10080349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T09:28:57Z","timestamp":1597138137000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Spouted Bed Dried Rosmarinus officinalis Extract: A Novel Approach for Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4152-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia R. F.","family":"Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. do Caf\u00e9 s\/n, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3621-3094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iara","family":"Baldim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. do Caf\u00e9 s\/n, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Victor O.","family":"Bankole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. do Caf\u00e9 s\/n, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"da Ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7747-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Durazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Lucarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8055-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Cicero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Science4Life, a University of Messina Spin-Off Company, V.le Leonardo Sciascia Coop Fede Pal. B, 98168 Messina, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5505-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonello","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4356-2508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanderley P.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. do Caf\u00e9 s\/n, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ska, A., Ferreira, N.R., Feliczak-Guzik, A., Nowak, I., and Souto, E.B. 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