{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T21:33:24Z","timestamp":1777325604391,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agriculture"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nitrification inhibitors are commonly used to prevent nitrate leaching. However, the use of nitrification inhibitors is not free of side-effects. Some may be absorbed by the plant and cause phytotoxicity or even affect the food chain. Therefore, a solution that limits the absorption of nitrification inhibitors and its accumulation by the plant may mitigate health and environmental issues potentially associated with high levels of nitrification inhibitors. This solution may relay in the modulation of the plant\u2019s metabolism through the interaction with specific fungal partners. This work tested the hypothesis that the symbiotic interaction between fungi and plant roots can reduce the destructive effects of the nitrification inhibitor Dicyandiamide (DCD) in plants by reducing the uptake of nitrification inhibitors. A greenhouse experiment was conducted, using a complete randomized block design, to test the effect of symbiotic fungi (plants inoculated with Piriformospora indica, Glomus etunicatum, and Glomus mosseae and noninoculated) on the phytotoxicity of DCD applied at four concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 100 mg kg\u22121 soil). Latuca sativa, cultivar Siyahoo, was selected for this experiment due to its economic value all over the world. The use of high DCD concentrations (100 mg kg\u22121 soil) affected the leaf chlorophyll content and plant growth in a manner that was significantly mitigated by the symbiosis of the plant with the fungal partner. These results highlight the benefits of using symbiotic fungal inoculants as plant protectors against the phytotoxic effects of DCD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12020251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T21:19:06Z","timestamp":1644441546000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Use of Symbiotic Fungi to Reduce the Phytotoxic Effect of DCD Nitrification Inhibitors in Lettuce"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8491-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akbar","family":"Padash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-13131, Iran"}]},{"given":"Rasoul","family":"Azarmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-13131, Iran"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ashraf Soltani Toularoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-13131, Iran"}]},{"given":"Behrooz","family":"Esmailpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-13131, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3100-463X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecology and Plant Biology, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., and Thompson, F. 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