{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:20:33Z","timestamp":1774398033650,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]],"date-time":"2022-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"Interreg VA Espa\u00f1a\u2014Portugal (POCTEP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"Interreg VA Espa\u00f1a\u2014Portugal (POCTEP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50014\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50014\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"Interreg VA Espa\u00f1a\u2014Portugal (POCTEP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006961"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["UIDB\/50014\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50014\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agriculture"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proximity sensing approaches with a wide array of sensors available for use in precision viticulture contexts can nowadays be considered both well-know and mature technologies. Still, several in-field practices performed throughout different crops rely on direct visual observation supported on gained experience to assess aspects of plants\u2019 phenological development, as well as indicators relating to the onset of common plagues and diseases. Aiming to mimic in-field direct observation, this paper presents VineInspector: a low-cost, self-contained and easy-to-install system, which is able to measure microclimatic parameters, and also to acquire images using multiple cameras. It is built upon a stake structure, rendering it suitable for deployment across a vineyard. The approach through which distinguishable attributes are detected, classified and tallied in the periodically acquired images, makes use of artificial intelligence approaches. Furthermore, it is made available through an IoT cloud-based support system. VineInspector was field-tested under real operating conditions to assess not only the robustness and the operating functionality of the hardware solution, but also the AI approaches\u2019 accuracy. Two applications were developed to evaluate VineInspector\u2019s consistency while a viticulturist\u2019 assistant in everyday practices. One was intended to determine the size of the very first grapevines\u2019 shoots, one of the required parameters of the well known 3\u201310 rule to predict primary downy mildew infection. The other was developed to tally grapevine moth males captured in sex traps. Results show that VineInspector is a logical step in smart proximity monitoring by mimicking direct visual observation from experienced viticulturists. While the latter traditionally are responsible for a set of everyday practices in the field, these are time and resource consuming. VineInspector was proven to be effective in two of these practices, performing them automatically. Therefore, it enables both the continuous monitoring and assessment of a vineyard\u2019s phenological development in a more efficient manner, making way to more assertive and timely practices against pests and diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12050730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]],"date-time":"2022-05-22T07:13:57Z","timestamp":1653203637000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["VineInspector: The Vineyard Assistant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0506-9256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8486-6113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Neves dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, P\u00f3lo da FEUP, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8943-9594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1205-2647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim Jo\u00e3o","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, P\u00f3lo da UTAD, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0512-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Cortez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2440-9153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, UTAD\u2014University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassim, M.R.M. 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