{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T17:05:28Z","timestamp":1778346328583,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center for Mechanical and Aero-space Science and Technologies (C-MAST)","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Center for Mechanical and Aero-space Science and Technologies (C-MAST)","award":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agriculture"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weeds, pathogens, and animal pests are among the pests that pose a threat to the productivity of crops meant for human consumption. Bird-caused crop losses pose a serious and costly challenge for farmers. This work presents a survey on bird deterrent solutions for crop protection. It first introduces the related concepts. Then, it provides an extensive review and categorization of existing methods, techniques, and related studies. Further, their strengths and limitations are discussed. Based on this review, current gaps are identified, and strategies for future research are proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13040774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T02:11:40Z","timestamp":1679969500000},"page":"774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Bird Deterrent Solutions for Crop Protection: Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2797-315X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo B.","family":"Micaelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral, n\u00ba 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Leonardo G. P. S.","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral, n\u00ba 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro D.","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST), Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5830-3790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. L. P.","family":"Caldeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral, n\u00ba 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8057-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasco N. G. J.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral, n\u00ba 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13457","article-title":"Relating National Levels of Crop Damage to the Abundance of Large Grazing Birds: Implications for Management","volume":"56","author":"Knape","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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