{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T20:59:17Z","timestamp":1775509157952,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa Operacional Madeira 14-20, Portugal 2020, and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund","award":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 [CASBio]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 [CASBio]"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Madeira 14-20, Portugal 2020, and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund","award":["MAC2\/1.1.b\/226\u2014APOGEO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/1.1.b\/226\u2014APOGEO"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Madeira 14-20, Portugal 2020, and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund","award":["MAC2\/3.5b\/307\u2014VERCOCHAR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/3.5b\/307\u2014VERCOCHAR"]}]},{"name":"Cooperation Program INTERREG-MAC 2014-2020, with European Funds for Regional Development-FEDER","award":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 [CASBio]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 [CASBio]"]}]},{"name":"Cooperation Program INTERREG-MAC 2014-2020, with European Funds for Regional Development-FEDER","award":["MAC2\/1.1.b\/226\u2014APOGEO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/1.1.b\/226\u2014APOGEO"]}]},{"name":"Cooperation Program INTERREG-MAC 2014-2020, with European Funds for Regional Development-FEDER","award":["MAC2\/3.5b\/307\u2014VERCOCHAR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/3.5b\/307\u2014VERCOCHAR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agriculture"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The advancement of technology associated with the field, especially the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) coupled with multispectral cameras, allows us to monitor the condition of crops in real time and contribute to the field of machine learning. The objective of this study was to estimate both productivity and above-ground biomass (AGB) for the corn crop by applying different vegetation indices (VIs) via high-resolution aerial imagery. Among the indices tested, strong correlations were obtained between productivity and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with a significance level of p &lt; 0.05 (0.719), as well as for the normalized difference red edge (NDRE), or green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) with crop productivity (p &lt; 0.01), respectively 0.809 and 0.859. The AGB results align with those obtained previously; GNDVI and NDRE showed high correlations, but now with a significance level of p &lt; 0.05 (0.758 and 0.695). Both GNDVI and NDRE indices showed coefficients of determination for productivity and AGB estimation with 0.738 and 0.654, and 0.701 and 0.632, respectively. The use of the GNDVI and NDRE indices shows excellent results for estimating productivity as well as AGB for the corn crop, both at the spatial and numerical levels. The possibility of predicting crop productivity is an essential tool for producers, since it allows them to make timely decisions to correct any deficit present in their agricultural plots, and further contributes to AI integration for drone digital optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13061115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T01:36:28Z","timestamp":1684978588000},"page":"1115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Estimation of Productivity and Above-Ground Biomass for Corn (Zea mays) via Vegetation Indices in Madeira Island"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8025-6422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabr\u00edcio Lopes","family":"Macedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro\u2014Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"N\u00f3brega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 G. R.","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1822-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Ragonezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro\u2014Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lino","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5084-870X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A. A.","family":"Pinheiro de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro\u2014Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, Campus da Penteada, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-016-9469-2","article-title":"Estimation of Water Productivity in Winter Wheat Using the AquaCrop Model with Field Hyperspectral Data","volume":"19","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Precis. 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